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f nature and nurture the sensitive periods of development children s brains progress through the inseparability of emotion and cognition in all learning the critical role of the family learning environment the fundamental role of language in the beginning is the word how children s language foundations developmentally adapt to their environments how children s trajectories through all the above result in meaningful differences that profoundly affect the difficulty they have learning to read note click on any word on this page to experience the next evolutionary step in technology supported reading so the sobering message here is that if children don t have the right experiences during these sensitive periods for the development of a variety of skills including many cognitive and language capacities that s a burden that those kids are going to carry the sensitive period is over and it s going to be harder for them dr jack shonkoff chair national scientific council on the developing child children who have trouble with oral language generally will go on to have difficulty with written language dr paula tallal co director center for molecular and behavioral neuroscience rutgers children of professional parents i mean talkative families and college educated heard forty eight million words addressed to them by the time they re four children in welfare families who were taciturn heard thirteen million words addressed to them by the time they were four dr todd risley co author meaningful differences in the everyday experiences of young american children shame the dark heart of reading difficulties they feel like they re failures they tell us that lousy reading produces a perception of stupidity and dumbness to peers and clearly to the youngster who is struggling that is the shame dr g reid lyon note click on any word on this page to experience the next evolutionary step in technology supported reading building on child s fault from causes and contributing factors this module s first segment provides the starting point for appreciating the shame that struggling readers experience next the power of shame discusses shame s painful life long and often life distorting effects the next three segments explore the public shame of the classroom the fear of shame felt by children as they anticipate being asked to read out loud in classrooms and how both drive the secret shame that causes children to hide their reading difficulties from parents teachers and peers emotionally learning disabling and avoidance build on the previous segments and show how powerfully behavior determining and learning disabling shame avoidance can be finally cognitively learning disabling begins our discussion of the downward spiral of shame from our chapter the brain s challenge and describes how shame disrupts distracts and chokes the cognitive processing that is necessary for learning to read in the first place see also the downward spiral of shame dr maryanne wolf you know i haven t thought in these terms but as you say them there is no question that s our enemy shame dr donald nathanson like most scholars until awakened by the children of the code project i took reading as much for granted as eating and drinking very few of us have paid sufficient attention to the specific emotions triggered in children as they begin to read yet any impediment to mastery of the confusing code that connects spoken and written english must trigger shame the emotion that stops all useful thought so painful does shame become in the public arena of the schoolroom that our children swiftly divide into two streams and two futures purely on the basis of their response to the shame that accompanies the struggle to learn our written language a brief history of the code part 1 so let it be written understanding the code and its history is essential to understanding the confusion involved in learning to read it today the power of writing begins our journey into the profound cognitive and institutional consequences of becoming code users writers and readers next the alphabet s big bang and grecian formulas explore the origin of the alphabet and it s unparalleled effects on the minds and institutions that gave rise to western civilization future segments will address oral cultures and pre alphabetic writing systems in lend me your ears we introduce the initial relationships between letters and sounds critical background for future segments on how the code became so complex and in the code of da vinci we present the code as both the dna of science and the media that enabled the renaissance finally we review the spread rise and fall of literacy which sets the stage for a brief history of the code part 2 ye first millennium bug the big step between civilization and more primitive forms of human society is written language dr john searle professor of the philosophy of mind and language at u c berkeley we have all become children of the code dr malcolm richardson chair department of english lsu i think it was much easier to learn how to read in the 8 th century b c than it is today dr frank moore cross professor emeritus of ancient languages harvard university once we start writing we are able to then reflect back upon what we have written and we enter into this kind of recursive relation to our own written signs and so only then a certain degree or experience of self reflection that we now sort of take for granted comes into being david abram philosopher and ecologist author the spell of the sensuous in learning to read we were satisfied when we knew the letters of the alphabet plato the republic a brief history of the code part 2 the first millennium bug though readiness and readiness differentiated instruction reduce the difficulty working through the code s confusing letter sound relationships is what most challenges the brains of most struggling readers there is a direct and causal relationship between the confusion in the code and the stutters heard in the voice of a struggling reader obviously understanding this confusion is critical to understanding the challenges involved in learning to read as importantly understanding how the code became so confused is critical to reframing the experience of struggling readers the more we understand the accidents and negligence that led to the confusion in the english code the more it becomes obvious that it is absurdly negligent to blame and shame children for their struggle with it latin roots the clergy begin to write english using the letters sounds of latin french rules french displaces english as the official language of england the king s english henry v resurrects english writing the chancery scribes the king s scribes forge the roots of modern english the roots of confusion how written english became such a mess the great vowel shift major shifts in pronunciation add further confusion casting spells the printing press standardizes the unstable writing system in greek or latin for example once you could view the letters you could read there was almost a perfect match dr guy deutscher author the unfolding of language an evolutionary tour of mankind s greatest invention in english we have fifty some sounds and only twenty six letters so we have to adopt a whole variety of mechanisms to close the gap dr richard venezky author the american way of spelling the structure and origins of american english orthography we are always compromised in certain areas by having to represent sounds with symbols that weren t designed to suit those sounds dr johanna drucker author the alphabetic labyrinth it s easy to forget that the system we have learned is a system that is based on a series of accidents that result in layers of complexity dr thomas cable co author a history of the english language the accident of the printing press which in england served to freeze spelling in the fifteenth century so you have these bizarre spellings dr malcolm richardson chair department of english lsu see also dr louisa moats on the confusion in english see also the first millennium bug the fall of phoneticism and rise of confusion a brief history of the code part 3 paradigm inertia with the printing of the king james bible literacy began to spread as it did reading teachers began to realize that the letter sound relationships in the code made learning to read english difficult phonics was born in the 16th century as an attempt to train the reader to process the unruly code over a century later the whole word method originally developed for the hearing impaired began being used as an alternate to the tedious rote work of phonics paralleling the battle between these two teaching around the code polarities another movement began which focused on reforming the code itself the story of our attempts to change the code is fascinating and understanding these attempts and why they failed sheds important light on the social political institutional and even scientific inertia that limits our understanding of the challenges involved in learning to read see also paradigm inertia in reading science and policy the heart of our trouble is with our foolish alphabet it doesn t know how to spell and can t be taught mark twain delay in the plan here proposed may be fatal the minds of men may again sink into indolence a national acquiescence in error will follow and posterity be doomed to struggle with difficulties which time and accident will perpetually multiply noah webster people are more likely to change their religion than change their writing system charles hockett anthropological linguist as every letter ought to be confin d to one the same is to be oberv d in all the letters vowels and consonants that wherever they are met with or in whatever company their sound is always the same benjamin franklin the second great obstacle is our absurd spelling which scholars agree is the worst on the planet in trying to learn this two or three years are worse than waster melvile dewey dewey decimal system champion of simplified spelling see also stanislas dehaene on how the mess of english affects how the brain learns to read the brain s challenge learning to read can be difficult for any one of a number of reasons critical elements to construct the reading experience the brain must differentiate and process a number of elements including letters phonemes morphemes and vocabulary critical processing the brain must automatize and synchronize the sub processing of the critical elements critical speed the brain must process all the above fast enough to construct recognizable words at speeds that approximate the rate at which the brain is accustomed to recognizing spoken language processing speed is critical analysis of the eye movements of good readers reveals that on average the brain must process letters into sounds in less than a tenth of a second the bottleneck the stutters in the voice of struggling readers reflect the time it takes the brain to work through the confusion in the code the time it is taking to disambiguate the code code disambiguation is the brain s greatest challenge during the process of learning to read exacerbating all the other challenges is the downward spiral that disrupts and dissipates the brain s processing when shame sets in the majority of our kids who have a tough time they are slow they are labored in their reading dr reid lyon former branch chief of nichd you wouldn t have to have much of a fault in this machine operating with high speed in this incredible processing efficiency that s required to begin to see somebody be a little slower at it or a lot slower at it michael merzenich neuroscientist member of national academy of sciences the problem with automatization is that at any step if you ve got a slow down step if any piece of that enterprise has a block or you can t hold enough of the information the whole house of cards falls apart dr terrence deacon neuroscientist anthropologist linguist the more complicated the translation from the orthography to the phonology is the more complicated this processing dance has to be within the brain dr paula tallal board of governors chair of neuroscience rutgers changing trajectories the problem is essentially social educational for every child and adult who struggles and for all of us as a society reading problems are always a consequence of learning problems improving the learning trajectories of children and adults who struggle with reading requires an orientation shift in how parents and teachers think about learning and the challenges involved in learning to read the problem is our society s lack of insight into what is involved in acquiring literacy dr louisa moats reading scientist sopris west we need to reconceptualize what it means to learn to read and who s responsible for its success if we re going to deal with the problem dr grover whitehurst former director of the institute of education sciences u s department of education reading is an unnaturally confusing challenge to our brains it takes a lot of early life learning brain exercise for a brain to be ready for the challenges involved in learning to read depending on how well instruction meets brain readiness children follow one of two paths the upward spiraling of matthew effects or the downward spiral of confusion and shame suggestions we need to boost brain readiness reduce extraneous ambiguity and reframe the emotional experience to minimize learner s propensity to blame themselves and trigger shame we need to engage learners in ever more frequent complex and rapid turn taking dialogue we need to learn to isolate vivify and give feedback on the real time edge of learning we need to be very careful to minimize our contributions to the shame struggling learners feel so painful does shame become in the public arena of the schoolroom that our children swiftly divide into two streams and two futures purely on the basis of their response to the shame that accompanies the struggle to learn our written language donald l nathanson m d clinical professor of psychiatry jefferson medical college author shame and pride and knowing feeling children are developing a pre conscious aversion to the feel of confusion and a pre conscious aversion to the feel of confusion decapitates learning children of the code view more videos please sign up for free to receive an email when we post new articles videos and updates sent by google s feedburner easily unsubscribe at anytime never any spam dvds digital video collections click here to learn more buy children of the code videos the future of learning to read and reading to learn free k adult library full of olsn enabled stories and games install free olsn chrome extension topics what s at stake the negative consequences and costs to afflicted individual children and adults and to society as a whole of reading related difficulties learn more child health development children s developmental trajectories affect the ease or...