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ols they dismissed the mismatch theory concluding that one cannot credibly invoke mismatch effects to argue that there are no benefits to affirmative action 159 in a 2016 review of previous studies by peter arcidiacono and michael lovenheim they suggested that more african american students attending less selective schools would significantly improve first attempt pass rates at the state bar but cautioned that such improvements could be outweighed by decreases in law school attendance 160 a 2011 study of data held by duke university said there was no evidence of mismatch and proposed that mismatch could only occur if a selective school possessed private information about students prospects at the college which it failed to share providing such information to prospective students would avoid mismatch because the students could choose another school that was a better match 161 a 2016 study on affirmative action in india said there was no evidence for the mismatching hypothesis 162 polls edit according to a poll taken by usa today in 2005 the majority of americans supported affirmative action for women while views on minority groups were more split 163 men are only slightly more likely to support affirmative action for women though a majority of both do 163 however a slight majority of americans do believe that affirmative action goes beyond ensuring access and goes into the realm of preferential treatment 163 also in 2005 a gallup poll showed that 72 of black americans and 44 of white americans supported racial affirmative action with 21 and 49 opposing with support and opposition among hispanic people falling between those of black people and white people support among black people unlike among white people had almost no correlation with political affiliation 164 a quinnipiac poll from june 2009 found that 55 of americans felt that affirmative action in general should be discontinued though 55 supported it for people with disabilities 165 the quinnipiac university polling institute survey found 65 of american voters opposed the application of affirmative action to homosexuals with 27 indicating they supported it 165 a leger poll taken in 2010 found 59 of canadians opposed considering race gender or ethnicity when hiring for government jobs 166 a 2014 pew research center poll found that 63 of americans thought affirmative action programs aimed at increasing minority representation on college campuses were a good thing compared to 30 who thought they were a bad thing 167 the following year gallup released a poll showing that 67 of americans supported affirmative action programs aimed at increasing female representation compared to 58 who supported such programs aimed at increasing the representation of racial minorities 168 a 2019 pew research center poll found 73 of americans believe race or ethnicity should not factor into college admissions decisions 169 a few years later in 2022 a pew research center poll found that 74 of americans believe race or ethnicity should not factor into college admissions decisions 170 see also edit achievement gap in the united states affirmative action bake sale anti discrimination law anti racism coate loury model civil and political rights civil liberties history of civil rights in the united states civil rights movement disability rights movement discrimination in the united states racism in the united states religious discrimination in the united states diversity equity and inclusion the successor policy which replaced affirmative action diversity business diversity training economic discrimination equal opportunity ethnic penalty gender equality women s rights legacy preferences men s rights movement minority rights multiculturalism multiracialism political correctness positive liberty progressive stack race and intelligence racial gerrymandering reasonable accommodation reverse racism special measures for gender equality in the united nations strong basis in evidence standard social 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