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flecting the enduring influence of traditional african religions 53 interaction with islam edit islam s spread across north and west africa also had a significant impact on traditional african religions this spread was significantly impacted by the promotion of sub saharan trade routes in which muslim merchants helped to spread islam traditional african religions and islam have coexisted for centuries often blending elements of islamic belief with traditional practices in regions like senegal and mali sufi islam often integrates aspects of local spiritual practices reflecting a deep synergy between traditional african religions and islamic mysticism 54 coexistence syncretism and conflict edit within contemporary africa many people identify with both traditional african religions and either christianity or islam practicing elements of both in a form of religious duality this syncretism is evident in rituals festivals and the spiritual lives of individuals who draw on the strengths of both their indigenous traditions and the newer religions however tensions have arisen particularly where aggressive proselytism by christian or islamic groups has sought to replace traditional african religions entirely these tensions have sometimes led to the marginalization of traditional african religions though it continues to play a vital role in the cultural and spiritual life of many african communities 55 56 religious persecution edit main article persecution of traditional african religions traditional african religions have faced persecution from christians and muslims 57 58 adherents of these religions have been forcefully converted to islam and christianity demonized and marginalized 59 the atrocities include killings waging war destroying of sacred places and other atrocities 60 61 because of persecution and discrimination as well as incompatibility with traditional society culture and native beliefs the dinka people largely rejected or ignored islamic and christian teachings 62 the serer ethnoreligious group of the senegambia have faced religious and ethnic persecution since the 11th century from muslims and christians science and its relation to traditional worldviews edit according to bandama and babalola 2023 indigenous african industrial practices historically integrated ritual and spiritual traditions alongside empirical techniques they state that in the traditional african perspective 63 the deities and gods are the emissaries of the supreme god and the patrons in charge of the workability of the processes involved in the ile ife pantheon for example olokun the goddess of wealth is considered the patron of the glass industry and is therefore consulted sacrifices are offered to appease her for a successful run the same is true for ironworking traditions by region edit this list is limited to a few well known traditions central africa edit bantu mythology central southeast southern africa bushongo mythology congo kongo religion congo lugbara mythology congo baluba mythology congo mbuti mythology congo bwiti gabon hausa animism chad gabon lotuko mythology south sudan east africa edit kushite mythology central parts of sudan with origins in kerma culture bantu mythology central southeast southern africa abaluhya mythology kenya chagga religion tanzania dini ya msambwa bungoma trans nzoia kenya gikuyu mythology kenya akamba mythology aembu mythology kenya dinka religion south sudan malagasy mythology madagascar maasai mythology kenya tanzania ouebian kalenjin mythology kenya uganda tanzania waaqeffanna ethiopia and kenya somali mythology somalia northern africa edit ancient egyptian religion egypt sudan kemetism kushite mythology along the nile valley in egypt and sudan punic religion tunisia algeria libya traditional berber religion morocco including western sahara algeria tunisia libya egypt mauritania mali niger chad burkina faso church of the guanche people canary islands southern africa edit bantu mythology central southeast southern africa lozi mythology zambia tumbuka mythology malawi zulu traditional religion south africa badimo south africa botswana lesotho san religion botswana namibia and south africa traditional healers of south africa indigenous religion in zimbabwe west africa edit further information west african religion abwoi religion nigeria akan religion ghana ivory coast dahomean religion benin togo efik religion nigeria cameroon edo religion benin kingdom nigeria hausa animism benin burkina faso cameroon gana ghana ivory coast niger nigeria togo ijaw religion ijo people nigeria godianism a religion that is purported to encompass all traditional religions of africa primarily based on odinala odinala igbo people nigeria asaase yaa bono people gana ghana and ivory coast serer religion a ƭat roog senegal gambia mauritania yoruba religion nigeria benin togo vodou gana ghana benin togo nigeria dogon religion mali african diaspora edit main article african diaspora religions afro american religions involve ancestor worship and include a creator deity along with a pantheon of divine spirits such as the orisha loa vodun nkisi and alusi among others in addition to the religious syncretism of these various african traditions many also incorporate elements of folk catholicism including folk saints and other forms of folk religion native american religion spiritism spiritualism shamanism sometimes including the use of entheogens and european folklore various doctoring spiritual traditions also exist such as obeah and hoodoo which focus on spiritual health 64 african religious traditions in the americas can vary they can have non prominent african roots or can be almost wholly african in nature such as religions like trinidad orisha 65 see also edit traditional african religions portal religion portal folk religion expressions of religion distinct from the doctrines of organized religion witchcraft in africa notes edit 1 2 3 encyclopedia of african religion sage 2009 molefi kete asante ndlovu tommy matshakayile 1995 imikhuba lamasiko amandebele doris ndlovu bekithemba s ncube gweru gasiya zimbabwe mambo press isbn 0 86922 624 x oclc 34114180 juergensmeyer mark 2006 the oxford handbook of global religions oxford oxford university press isbn 0 19 513798 1 oclc 64084086 mbiti john s 1991 introduction to african religion oxford england heinemann educational books isbn 0 435 94002 3 oclc 24376978 nweke kizito chinedu 2022 12 25 responding to new imageries in african indigenous spiritualties religious jurnal studi agama agama dan lintas budaya 6 3 271 282 doi 10 15575 rjsalb v6i3 20246 issn 2528 7249 s2cid 255213985 1 2 kimmerle heinz 2006 04 11 the world of spirits and the respect for nature towards a new appreciation of animism the journal for transdisciplinary research in southern africa 2 2 15 doi 10 4102 td v2i2 277 issn 2415 2005 1 2 vontress clemmont e 2005 animism foundation of traditional healing in sub saharan africa integrating traditional healing practices into counseling and psychotherapy sage publications inc pp 124 137 doi 10 4135 9781452231648 isbn 978 0 7619 3047 1 retrieved 2019 10 31 an african story bbc archived november 2 2015 at the wayback machine what is religion an african understanding archived may 21 2016 at the wayback machine britannica book of the year 2003 encyclopædia britannica 2003 isbn 978 0 85229 956 2 p 306 according to the encyclopædia britannica as of mid 2002 there were 480 453 000 christians 329 869 000 muslims and 98 734 000 people who practiced traditional religions in africa ian s markham a world religions reader 1996 cambridge ma blackwell publishers archived march 4 2016 at the wayback machine is cited by morehouse university as giving the mid 1990s figure of 278 250 800 muslims in africa but still as 40 8 of the total these numbers are estimates and remain a matter of conjecture see amadu jacky kaba the spread of christianity and islam in africa a survey and analysis of the numbers and percentages of christians muslims and those who practice indigenous religions the western journal of black studies vol 29 number 2 june 2005 discusses the estimations of various almanacs and encyclopedias placing britannica s estimate as the most agreed on figure notes the figure presented at the world christian encyclopedia summarized here archived march 5 2016 at the wayback machine as being an outlier on rates of growth islam and pentecostal christianity are highest see the list the world s fastest growing religions foreign policy may 2007 lugira aloysius m african traditional religions new york chelsea house 2009 p 36 in varghese roy abraham christ connection how the world religions prepared the way for the phenomenon of jesus paraclete press 2011 p 1935 isbn 9781557258397 retrieved 24 march 2019 islam and christianity in sub saharan africa chapter 3 traditional african religious beliefs and practices p 34 questions measure belief in reincarnation witchcraft evil spirits the protective power of sacrifices to spirits or ancestors juju or shrines evil eye or curses and the protective power of spiritual people as well as possession of traditional african sacred objects participation in traditional ceremonies to honor ancestors participation in traditional puberty rituals and use of religious healers those reporting 6 11 of these attributes are classified as having high levels of traditional african religious beliefs and practices https www pewresearch org wp content uploads sites 20 2010 04 sub saharan africa full report pdf mbiti john s 1992 introduction to african religion east african publishers isbn 978 0 435 94002 7 when africans are converted to other religions they often mix their traditional religion with the one to which they are converted in this way they are not losing something valuable but are gaining something from both religious customs riggs thomas 2006 worldmark encyclopedia of religious practices religions and denominations thomson gale p 1 isbn 978 0 7876 6612 5 although a large proportion of africans have converted to islam an christianity these two world religions have been assimilated into african culture and many african christians and muslims maintain traditional spiritual beliefs gottlieb roger s 2006 11 09 the oxford handbook of religion and ecology oxford university press usa isbn 978 0 19 517872 2 even in the adopted religions of islam and christianity which on the surface appear to have converted millions of africans from their traditional religions many aspect of traditional religions are still manifest us study sheds light on africa s unique religious mix afp archived from the original on april 25 2010 t doesn t seem to be an either or for many people they can describe themselves primarily as muslim or christian and continue to practice many of the traditions that are characteristic of african traditional religion luis lugo executive director of the pew forum told afp quainoo samuel ebow 2000 01 01 in transitions and consolidation of democracy in africa global academic isbn 978 1 58684 040 2 even though the two religions are monotheistic most african christians and muslims convert to them and still retain some aspects of their traditional religions encyclopædia britannica britannica book of the year 2003 encyclopædia britannica 2003 isbn 9780852299562 p 306 according to the encyclopædia britannica as of mid 2002 there were 376 453 000 christians 329 869 000 muslims and 98 734 000 people who practiced traditional religions in africa ian s markham a world religions reader cambridge massachusetts blackwell publishers 1996 is cited by morehouse university as giving the mid 1990s figure of 278 250 800 muslims in africa but still as 40 8 of the total these numbers are estimates and remain a matter of conjecture see amadu jacky kaba the spread of christianity and islam in africa a survey and analysis of the numbers and percentages of christians muslims and those who practice indigenous religions the western journal of black studies vol 29 number 2 june 2005 discusses the estimations of various almanacs and encyclopedium placing britannica s estimate as the most agreed figure notes the figure presented at the world christian encyclopedia summarized here as being an outlier the world book encyclopedia has estimated that in 2002 christians formed 40 of the continent s population with muslims forming 45 it was also estimated in 2002 that christians form 45 of africa s population with muslims forming 40 6 ajayi j f ade 1976 history of west africa internet archive new york columbia university press pp 100 101 isbn 978 0 231 04103 4 cite book cs1 maint publisher location link gt obadiah gaboism 2023 brobadiah and publishing house bwari fct abuja ancient african religion finds roots in america npr org retrieved 2020 11 27 asukwo 2013 the need to re conceptualize african traditional religion african traditional religion south african history online www sahistory org za retrieved 2021 06 19 hornung erik 2001 akhenaten and the religion of light ithaca n y cornell university press isbn 0 8014 8725 0 oclc 48417401 hexham irvin 1981 lord of the sky king of the earth zulu traditional religion and belief in the skrelicsy god sciences religieuses studies in religion vol 10 273 78 busia k a 1963 has the distinction between primitive and higher religions any sociological significance archives de sciences sociales des religions 16 1 22 25 doi 10 3406 assr 1963 1996 peterson olof foreigen influences on the idea of god in african religions 1 2 3 okwu as 1979 life death reincarnation and traditional healing in africa issue a journal of opinion 9 3 19 24 doi 10 2307 1166258 jstor 1166258 1 2 stanton andrea l 2012 cultural sociology of the middle east asia and africa an encyclopedia sage isbn 978 1 4129 8176 7 baldick julian 1997 black god the afroasiatic roots of the jewish christian and muslim religions syracuse university press isbn 0 8156 0522 6 the civilizations of africa a history to 1800 by christopher ehret james currey 2002 ehret christopher november 2004 a conversation with christopher ehret world history connected interview interviewed by laichas tom retrieved 30 may 2020 citation with date provided here ndemanu michael t january 2018 traditional african religions and their influences on the worldviews of bangwa people of cameroon frontiers the interdisciplinary journal of study abroad 30 ball state university frontiers the interdisciplinary journal of study abroad 70 84 doi 10 36366 frontiers v30i1 405 there is an unwavering belief in life after death in traditional african religions with some even believing in reincarnation faye louis diène mort et naissance le monde sereer les nouvelles edition africaines 1983 pp 9 10 71 2 isbn 2 7236 0868 9 1 2 salamone frank a 2004 levinson david ed encyclopedia of religious rites rituals and festivals new york routledge p 5 isbn 0 415 94180 6 1 2 chiorazzi anthony 2015 10 06 the spirituality of africa harvard gazette retrieved 2020 11 30 k...