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ars ranking 37th in the world 353 the infant mortality rate was estimated at 12 per 1 000 live births in 2015 in 2000 the country had the world s 55th best healthcare performance as defined by the world health organisation 354 cardiovascular disease is the principal cause of death accounting for 52 of deaths 350 accidents injuries malignant and respiratory diseases are other primary causes of death 350 neuropsychiatric disease has also increased due to recent demographic social and economic changes 350 in 2009 albania had a fruit and vegetable supply of 886 grams per capita per day the fifth highest supply in europe 355 compared to other developed and developing countries albania has a relatively low rate of obesity probably thanks to the mediterranean diet 356 357 according to 2016 who data 21 7 of adults in the country are clinically overweight with a body mass index bmi score of 25 or more 358 culture main article culture of albania symbols main article national symbols of albania the helmet of gjergj kastrioti skanderbeg stands as an emblem of albanian independence the red and black national colours are displayed on the flag of albania that is adorned with a double headed eagle as the foremost recognised national symbol of albania 359 360 361 with the black eagle portraying bravery and strength the red field symbolises the fortitude and sacrifices of the albanian people 359 the eagle is linked with the legacy of the national hero skanderbeg 362 363 361 rooted in the middle ages it emerged as a heraldic symbol in the principality of arbër and among notable albanian dynasties such as the dukagjini kastrioti muzaka and thopia clans 364 amid the albanian renaissance marking the resurgence of albanian national identity and aspirations for independence the albanian eagle regained its prominence 360 its importance reached its culmination with albania s declaration of independence in 1912 when ismail qemali raised it as the national flag in vlorë 360 the coat of arms of albania is an adaptation of the flag of albania and the seal of skanderbeg 359 the coat comprises the black double headed eagle positioned at the centre of a red field 359 above the eagle it carries the helmet of skanderbeg that is crowned with the head of a golden horned goat 361 ti shqipëri më jep nder më jep emrin shqipëtar which translates to you albania give me honour give me the name albanian is the national motto of albania 360 361 it finds its foundation in the legacy of national poet naim frashëri who held a renowned role during the albanian renaissance 360 the national anthem of albania himni i flamurit was composed by asdreni and adopted as such following albania s independence in 1912 359 clothing the fustanella is designated as the national costume of albania with profound cultural significance within albanian culture albanian traditional clothing with its contrasting variations for the northern gheg and southern tosk albanians is a testament to albania s history cultural diversity and ethnic identity 365 gheg men wear a light colored shirt paired with wide loose fitting trousers referred to as the tirq these trousers are securely fastened by a wide woven belt the brez an integral component of their costume is the xhamadan a woolen red velvet vest adorned with folkloric motifs and gold patterns 366 they also wear a distinctive dome shaped hat known as the qeleshe crafted from wool with its origins tracing back to the illyrians 367 368 conversely tosk men opt for the fustanella a knee length garment designated as the national costume typically white with pleats accompanied by a white shirt they also wear a beige or dark blue xhamadan reminiscent of the gheg attire to complete their attire men wear knee high socks referred to as çorape and leather shoes known as opinga the attire of gheg and tosk women is known for its rich palette of colors and intricate filigree detailing displayed across various components including ear ornaments finger rings necklaces belt buckles and buttons key components include a long light toned shirt paired with an apron often accompanied by a woolen or felt mantle referred to as the xhoka additional upper garments such as the dollama or mintan may be layered along with a headscarf known as kapica or shall a distinctive variation incorporates a pair of aprons including the pështjellak at the rear and the paranik at the front integral to the traditional attire of gheg women is the ancient xhubleta 365 dedicated efforts have been undertaken to preserve and promote the dress acknowledging its significance as an emblem of albanian heritage 369 as a testament to its importance the xhubleta has been inscribed on the unesco intangible cultural heritage list 369 the distinctive bell shaped garment is fashioned in black and enriched with embroidered ethnic albanian motifs showcasing the remarkable craftsmanship of northern albania 365 its crafting process involves multiple intricate stages encompassing the preparation of shajak fabric and the precise cutting techniques 369 art and architecture butrint has been included in the unesco list of world heritage sites since 1992 d motra tone by kolë idromeno the artistic history of albania has been particularly influenced by a multitude of ancient and medieval people traditions and religions it covers a broad spectrum with mediums and disciplines that include painting pottery sculpture ceramics and architecture all of them exemplifying a great variety in style and shape in different regions and period the rise of the byzantine and ottoman empire in the middle ages was accompanied by a corresponding growth in christian and islamic art in the lands of albania which are apparent in examples of architecture and mosaics throughout the country 370 centuries later the albanian renaissance proved crucial to the emancipation of the modern albanian culture and saw unprecedented developments in all fields of literature and art whereas artists sought to return to the ideals of impressionism and romanticism 371 artists include onufri kolë idromeno david selenica kostandin shpataraku and the zografi brothers the architecture of albania reflects the legacy of various civilisations tracing back to the classical antiquity major cities have evolved from within the castle to include dwellings religious and commercial structures with constant redesigning of town squares and evolution of building techniques nowadays the cities and towns reflect a whole spectrum of various architectural styles in the 20th century many historical as well as sacred buildings bearing the ancient influence were demolished during the communist era 372 ancient architecture is found throughout albania and most visible in byllis amantia phoenice apollonia butrint antigonia shkodër and durrës considering the long period of rule of the byzantine empire they introduced castles citadels churches and monasteries with spectacular wealth of visible murals and frescos perhaps the best known examples can be found in the southern albanian cities and surroundings of korçë berat voskopojë and gjirokastër involving the introduction of ottoman architecture there was a development of mosques and other islamic buildings particularly seen in berat and gjirokastër a productive period of historicism art nouveau and neoclassicism merged into the 19th century best exemplified in korçë the 20th century brought new architectural styles such as the modern italian style which is present in tirana such as the skanderbeg square and ministries it is also present in shkodër vlorë sarandë and durrës moreover other towns received their present day albania unique appearance through various cultural or economic influences socialist classicism arrived during the communist era many socialist styled complexes wide roads and factories were constructed while town squares were redesigned and numerous of historic and important buildings demolished notable examples of that style include the mother teresa square pyramid of tirana and palace of congresses three archaeological sites are included in the list of unesco world heritage sites these include the ancient remains of butrint the medieval historic centres of berat and gjirokastër and natural and cultural heritage of the ohrid region site shared with north macedonia since 2019 373 374 furthermore the royal illyrian tombs the remains of apollonia the ancient amphitheatre of durrës and the fortress of bashtovë has been included on the tentative list music see also albanian war dances albanian iso polyphony is designated as an unesco masterpiece of the oral and intangible heritage of humanity 375 albanian folk music is a prominent part of the national identity and continues to play a major part in overall albanian music folk music can be divided into two stylistic groups mainly the northern gheg varieties and southern lab and tosk varieties northern and southern traditions are contrasted by a rugged tone from the north and the more relaxed southern form of music many songs concern events from albanian history and culture including traditional themes of honour hospitality treachery and revenge the first compilation of folk music was made by two himariot musicians neço muka and koço çakali in paris during their work with albanian soprano tefta tashko koço several gramophone compilations were recorded at the time by the three artists which eventually led to the recognition of albanian iso polyphony as a unesco intangible cultural heritage 376 festivali i këngës is a traditional song contest organised by the national broadcaster radio televizioni shqiptar the festival is celebrated annually since its inauguration in 1962 and has launched the careers of some of albania s most successful singers including vaçe zela and parashqevi simaku 377 it is significantly a music competition among performers presenting unreleased songs in premiere composed by albanian authors and voted by juries or by public contemporary artists rita ora bebe rexha era istrefi dua lipa ava max bleona elvana gjata ermonela jaho and inva mula have achieved international recognition for their music 378 while soprano ermonela jaho has been described by some as the world s most acclaimed soprano 379 opera singer saimir pirgu was nominated for the 2017 grammy award 380 literature main article albanian literature this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed october 2018 learn how and when to remove this message an excerpt from the meshari the missal written by gjon buzuku 1555 the cultural renaissance was first of all expressed through the development of the albanian language in the area of church texts and publications the protestant reforms invigorated hopes for the development of the local language and literary tradition when cleric gjon buzuku translated the catholic liturgy into albanian trying to do for albanian what martin luther had done for german meshari the missal written by gjon buzuku was published in 1555 and is considered one of the first literary works of written albanian during the middle ages the refined level of the language and the stabilised orthography must be the result of an earlier tradition of written albanian a tradition that is not well understood however there is some fragmented evidence pre dating buzuku which indicates that albanian was written from at least the 14th century parashqevi qiriazi teacher and feminist 1880 1970 albanian writings from these centuries must not have been religious texts only but historical chronicles too they are mentioned by the humanist marin barleti who in his book siege of shkodër rrethimi i shkodrës from 1504 confirms that he leafed through such chronicles written in the language of the people in vernacula lingua as well as his famous biography of skanderbeg historia de vita et gestis scanderbegi epirotarum principis history of skanderbeg from 1508 the history of skanderbeg is still the foundation of skanderbeg studies and is considered an albanian cultural treasure vital to the formation of albanian national self consciousness during the 16th and the 17th centuries the catechism e mbësuame krishterë christian teachings from 1592 written by lekë matrënga doktrina e krishterë the christian doctrine from 1618 and rituale romanum 1621 by pjetër budi the first writer of original albanian prose and poetry an apology for george castriot 1636 by frang bardhi who also published a dictionary and folklore creations the theological philosophical treaty cuneus prophetarum the band of prophets 1685 by pjetër bogdani the most universal personality of albanian middle ages were published in albanian the most famous albanian writer in the 20th and 21st century is probably ismail kadare cuisine throughout the centuries albanian cuisine has been widely influenced by albanian culture geography and history and as such different parts of the country enjoy specific regional cuisines cooking traditions especially vary between the north and the south owing to differing topography and climate that essentially contribute to the excellent growth conditions for a wide array of herbs fruits and vegetables 381 albanians produce and use many varieties of fruits such as lemons oranges figs and most notably olives which are perhaps the most important element of albanian cooking spices and other herbs such as basil lavender mint oregano rosemary and thyme are widely used as are vegetables such as garlic onions peppers potatoes tomatoes as well as legumes of all types with a coastline along the adriatic and ionian in the mediterranean sea fish crustaceans and seafood are a popular and an integral part of the diet otherwise lamb is the traditional meat for different holidays and religious festivals for both christians and muslims although poultry beef and pork are also in plentiful supply tavë kosi soured milk casserole is the national dish consisting of lamb and rice baked under a thick tart veil of yoghurt fërgesë is another national dish made up of peppers tomatoes and cottage cheese pite is also popular a baked pastry with a filling of a mixture of spinach and gjizë curd or mish ground meat petulla a traditional fried dough is also a popular speciality and is served with powdered sugar or feta cheese and different sorts of fruit jams flia consists of multiple crêpe like layers brushed with cream and served with sour cream krofne similar to berliner doughnuts are filled with jam or chocolate and often eaten during winter coffee is an integral part of the lifestyle with more coffee houses per capita than any other country in the world 382 tea is also enjoyed both at home or outside at cafés bars or restaurants çaj mali sideritis tea is beloved and a part of the daily routine for most albanians it is cultivated across southern albania and noted for its medicinal properties black tea is also popular albanian wine has been...
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