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ach sign was named after a constellation the sun annually moved through while crossing the sky this observation is emphasized in the simplified and popular sun sign astrology over the centuries western astrology s zodiacal divisions have shifted out of alignment with the constellations they were named after by axial precession 1 of the earth while hindu astrology measurements correct for this shifting 2 astrology i e a system of omina based on celestial appearances was developed in chinese and tibetan cultures as well but these astrologies are not based upon the zodiac but deal with the whole sky astrology is a pseudoscience 3 scientific investigations of the theoretical 4 basis and experimental verification of claims 5 have shown it to have no scientific validity or explanatory power more plausible explanations for the apparent correlation between personality traits and birth months exist such as the influence of seasonal birth in humans according to astrology celestial phenomena relate to human activity on the principle of as above so below so that the signs are held to represent characteristic modes of expression 6 scientific astronomy used the same sectors of the ecliptic as western astrology until the 19th century various approaches to measuring and dividing the sky are currently used by differing systems of astrology although the tradition of the zodiac s names and symbols remain mostly consistent western astrology measures from equinox and solstice points points relating to equal longest and shortest days of the tropical year while hindu astrology measures along the equatorial plane sidereal year western zodiac signs history main articles zodiac and history of astrology further information babylonian astrology hellenistic astrology and ancient egyptian astronomy the twelve ecliptic signs each dot marks the start of a sign and they are separated by 30 the intersection of the celestial equator and the ecliptic define the equinoctial points first point of aries and first point of libra the great circle containing the celestial poles and the ecliptic poles p and p intersect the ecliptic at 0 cancer and 0 capricorn in this illustration the sun is schematically positioned at the start of aquarius western astrology is a direct continuation of hellenistic astrology as recorded in ptolemy s tetrabiblos in the 2nd century hellenistic astrology in turn was partly based on concepts from babylonian tradition specifically the division of the ecliptic in twelve equal sectors is a babylonian conceptual construction 7 this division of the ecliptic originated in the babylonian ideal calendar found in the old compendium mul apin and its combination with the babylonian lunar calendar 8 represented as the path of the moon in mul apin in a way the zodiac is the idealisation of an ideal lunar calendar by the 4th century bc babylonian astronomy and its system of celestial omens influenced the culture of ancient greece as did the astronomy of egypt by late 2nd century bc this resulted unlike the mesopotamian tradition in a strong focus on the birth chart of the individual and the creation of horoscopic astrology employing the use of the ascendant the rising degree of the ecliptic at the time of birth and of the twelve houses association of the astrological signs with empedocles four classical elements was another important development in the characterization of the twelve signs the body of the hellenistic astrological tradition as it stood by the 2nd century is described in ptolemy s tetrabiblos this is the seminal work for later astronomical tradition not only in the west but also in india and the islamic sphere and has remained a reference for almost seventeen centuries as later traditions made few substantial changes to its core teachings western astrological correspondence chart the following table shows the approximate dates of the twelve astrological signs along with the classical 9 and modern 10 rulerships of each sign by definition aries starts at the first point of aries which is the location of the sun at the march equinox the precise date of the equinox varies from year to year but is always between 19 march and 21 march the consequence is the start date of aries and therefore the start date of all the other signs can change slightly from year to year the following western astrology table enumerates the twelve divisions of celestial longitude with the latin names the longitude intervals are treated as closed for the first endpoint a and open for the second b for instance 30 of longitude is the first point of taurus not part of aries the signs are occasionally numbered 0 through 11 in place of symbols in astronomical works overview of western astrological signs sign gloss symbol unicode character approximate sun sign start dates 11 approximate sun sign end dates 11 ecliptic longitude a λ b house polarity triplicity modality northern hemisphere season southern hemisphere season modern ruler classic ruler aries the ram ︎ 21 march 20 april 0 to 30 1 positive fire cardinal spring autumn mars taurus the bull ︎ 21 april 21 may 30 to 60 2 negative earth fixed spring autumn venus gemini the twins ︎ 22 may 21 june 60 to 90 3 positive air mutable spring autumn mercury cancer the crab ︎ 22 june 23 july 90 to 120 4 negative water cardinal summer winter moon leo the lion ︎ 24 july 23 august 120 to 150 5 positive fire fixed summer winter sun virgo the maiden virgin ︎ 24 august 23 september 150 to 180 6 negative earth mutable summer winter mercury libra the scales ︎ 24 september 23 october 180 to 210 7 positive air cardinal autumn spring venus scorpio the scorpion ︎ 24 october 22 november 210 to 240 8 negative water fixed autumn spring pluto or mars sagittarius the archer centaur ︎ 23 november 21 december 240 to 270 9 positive fire mutable autumn spring jupiter capricorn the goat ︎ 22 december 20 january 270 to 300 10 negative earth cardinal winter summer saturn aquarius the water bearer ︎ 21 january 19 february 300 to 330 11 positive air fixed winter summer uranus saturn pisces the fish ︎ 20 february 20 march 330 to 360 12 negative water mutable winter summer neptune jupiter the twelve signs are positioned in a circular pattern creating a pattern of oppositions related to different philosophically polarized attributes fire and air elements are generally 180 degrees opposed in western astrology as well as earth and water elements 12 not all systems of astrology have four elements notably the sepher yetzirah describes only three elements emanating from a central divine source 13 spring signs are opposite to autumn ones winter signs are opposite to summer ones and vice versa 14 15 16 17 aries is opposite to libra taurus is opposite to scorpio gemini is opposite to sagittarius cancer is opposite to capricorn leo is opposite to aquarius virgo is opposite to pisces polarity in western astrology the polarity divides the zodiac in half and refers to the alignment of a sign s energy as either positive or negative with various attributes associated to them as a result 18 positive polarity signs also called active yang expressive or masculine signs are the six odd numbered signs of the zodiac aries gemini leo libra sagittarius and aquarius positive signs make up the fire and air triplicities 19 20 negative polarity signs also called passive yin receptive or feminine signs 19 are the six even numbered signs of the zodiac taurus cancer virgo scorpio capricorn and pisces negative signs make up the earth and water triplicities 20 the three modalities the modality or mode of a given sign refers to its position in the season it is found in each of the four elements manifests in three modalities cardinal fixed and mutable 21 each modality comprehends four signs also known as quadruplicities 22 23 for example the sign aries is found in the first month of spring in the northern hemisphere so practitioners of astrology describe it as having a cardinal modality 24 the combination of element and modality provides the signs with their unique characterizations for instance capricorn is the cardinal earth sign impressing its association with action cardinal modality in the material world earth element 25 26 27 modalities of astrological signs modality 3 primes alt symbols 28 keywords 29 30 fire signs water signs air signs earth signs cardinal action dynamic initiative great force aries cancer libra capricorn fixed resistance to change great willpower inflexible leo scorpio aquarius taurus mutable adaptability flexibility resourcefulness sagittarius pisces gemini virgo triplicities of the four elements main article triplicity further information classical element the planets sign positions on may 16 2012 the signs are colored according to the associated element each planet is represented by a glyph next to its longitude within the sign additional symbols may be added to represent apparent retrograde motion or apparent stationary moment shift from retrograde to direct or vice versa s the greek philosopher empedocles identified fire earth air and water as elements in the fifth century bc he explained the nature of the universe as an interaction of two opposing principles love and strife which manipulate the elements into different mixtures that produce the different natures of things he stated all the elements are equal the same age rule their own provinces and possess their own individual character empedocles said that those born with nearly equal proportions of the elements are more intelligent and have the most exact perceptions 31 32 the elemental categories are called triplicities because each classical element is associated with three signs 22 23 the four astrological elements are also considered as a direct equivalent to hippocrates personality types sanguine air choleric fire melancholic earth phlegmatic water a modern approach looks at elements as the energy substance of experience 33 and the next table tries to summarize their description through keywords 34 35 the elements have grown in importance and some astrologers begin natal chart interpretations by studying the balance of elements in the location of planets especially the sun and moon and the position of angles in the chart 36 triplicities of the four elements polarity element symbol 37 keywords sign triplicity positive fire assertion drive willpower aries leo sagittarius air communication socialization conceptualization gemini libra aquarius negative earth practicality caution material world taurus virgo capricorn water emotion empathy sensitivity cancer scorpio pisces celestial body rulerships see also domicile astrology representation of the western astrological signs in a 1716 acta eruditorum table illustration rulership is the connection between planet and correlated sign and house 38 the conventional rulerships are as follows 9 39 aries mars taurus venus gemini mercury cancer moon leo sun virgo mercury libra venus scorpio classically mars pluto starting in the 20th century sagittarius jupiter capricorn saturn aquarius classically saturn uranus starting in the 20th century pisces classically jupiter neptune starting in the 20th century dignity and detriment exaltation and fall a traditional belief of astrology known as essential dignity is the idea that the sun moon and planets are more powerful and effective in some signs than others because the basic nature of both is held to be in harmony by contrast they are held to find some signs to be weak or difficult to operate in because their natures are thought to be in conflict these categories are dignity detriment exaltation and fall dignity and detriment a planet is strengthened or dignified if it falls within the sign that it rules in other words it is said to exercise rulership of the sign for example the moon in cancer is considered strong well dignified if a planet is in the sign opposite which it rules or is dignified in it is said to be weakened or in detriment for example the moon in capricorn this may also be termed a debility 40 in traditional astrology other levels of dignity are recognised in addition to rulership these are known as exaltation triplicity terms or bounds and face or decan which together are known as describing a planet s essential dignity the quality or ability of one s true nature 40 exaltation and fall a planet is also strengthened when it is in its sign of exaltation in traditional horary astrology this denotes a dignity just less than rulership exaltation was considered to give the planet s significance s the dignity of an honoured guest the centre of attention but constrained in power examples of planets in their exaltation are saturn libra sun aries venus pisces moon taurus mercury virgo although some disagree with this classification mars capricorn jupiter cancer a planet in the opposite sign of this is in its fall and thus weakened perhaps more than detriment 40 there is discord as to the signs in which the two extra saturnian planets may be considered to be exalted 41 planetary positions in western astrology planet symbol in dignity in detriment in exaltation at fall sun leo aquarius aries libra moon cancer capricorn taurus scorpio mercury gemini and virgo sagittarius and pisces virgo pisces venus libra and taurus aries and scorpio pisces virgo mars aries and scorpio libra and taurus capricorn cancer jupiter sagittarius and pisces gemini and virgo cancer capricorn saturn capricorn and aquarius cancer and leo libra aries in addition to essential dignity the traditional astrologer considers accidental dignity of planets this is placement by house in the chart under examination accidental dignity is the planet s ability to act so we might have for example moon in cancer dignified by rulership is placed in the 12th house it would have little scope to express its good nature 42 the twelfth is a cadent house as are the third sixth and ninth and planets in these houses are considered weak or afflicted on the other hand moon in the first fourth seventh or 10th would be more able to act as these are angular houses planets in succedent houses of the chart second fifth eighth eleventh are generally considered to be of medium ability to act besides accidental dignity there are a range of accidental debilities such as retrogradation under the sun s beams combust and so forth additional classifications further information decans equirectangular plot of declination vs right ascension of the modern constellations with a dotted line denoting the ecliptic constellations are colour coded by family and year established detailed view each sign can be divided into three 10 sectors known as decans or decanates though these have fallen into disuse the first decanate is said to be most emphatically of its own nature and is ruled by the sign ruler 43 the next decanate is sub ruled by the planet ruling the next sign in the same triplicity the last decanate is sub ruled by the next in order in the same triplicity 44 while the elemen...