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to fear from aurelian aurelian ordered the cohortes urbanae urban cohorts reinforced by some regular troops of the imperial army to attack the rebelling mob the resulting battle fought on the caelian hill marked the end of the revolt even if at a high price some sources give the figure probably exaggerated of 7 000 casualties 62 many of the rebels were executed also some of the supporting senators were put to death the mint of rome was closed temporarily and the institution of several other mints caused the main mint of the empire to lose its hegemony 68 his monetary reformation included the introduction of antoniniani containing 5 silver they bore the mark xxi or its greek numeral form ka which meant according to some researchers 69 that twenty of such coins would contain the same silver quantity of an old silver denarius 70 g considering that this was an improvement over the previous situation gives an idea of the severity of the economic situation aurelian faced the emperor struggled to introduce the new good coin by recalling all the old bad coins before their introduction 38 a very large number of rare gold coins of aurelian have been discovered as part of the lava treasure in corsica france in the 1980s 71 food distribution reforms edit rome had been distributing grain to its poorest citizens at a reduced price since 123 bc and for free since 58 bc through the cura annonae aurelian is usually credited with changing or completing the change of the food distribution system from grain or flour to bread and adding olive oil salt and pork to the products distributed to the populace these products had been distributed sporadically before aurelian is also credited with increasing the size of the loaves of bread without increasing their price a measure that was undoubtedly popular with the romans who were not receiving free bread and other products through the dole 72 aurelian is believed to have terminated trajan s alimenta program roman prefect titus flavius postumius quietus was the last known official in charge of the alimenta in 271 if aurelian did suppress this food distribution system he most likely intended to put into effect a more radical reform indeed around this time aurelian reformed the cura annonae to replace the dole of grain by a dole of bread salt and pork as well as subsidized prices for other goods such as oil and wine 73 death edit the deaths of the sassanid kings shapur i 272 and hormizd i 273 in quick succession and the rise to power of a weakened ruler bahram i presented an opportunity to attack the sassanid empire and in 275 aurelian set out for another campaign against the sassanids on his way he suppressed a revolt in gaul possibly against faustinus an officer or usurper of tetricus and defeated barbarian marauders in vindelicia germany however aurelian never reached persia as he was murdered while waiting in thrace to cross into asia minor as an administrator he had been strict and had handed out severe punishments to corrupt officials or soldiers a secretary of his called eros by zosimus had told a lie on a minor issue in fear of what the emperor might do he forged a document listing the names of high officials marked by the emperor for execution and showed it to collaborators the notarius mucapor and other high ranking officers of the praetorian guard fearing punishment from the emperor murdered him shortly after october 275 tacitus began his reign in november or december in caenophrurium thrace 74 34 aurelian s enemies in the senate briefly succeeded in passing damnatio memoriae on the emperor but this was reversed before the end of the year and aurelian like his predecessor claudius ii was deified as divus aurelianus there is some evidence that aurelian s wife ulpia severina who had been declared augusta in 274 ruled the empire in her own right for some time after his death although this is just speculative 75 28 sources hint at an interregnum between aurelian s death and the election of marcus claudius tacitus as his successor additionally some of ulpia s coins appear to have been minted after aurelian s death 28 legacy edit the city of orléans in france is named after aurelian originally named cenabum aurelian rebuilt and renamed it aurelianum or aureliana civitas city of aurelian cité d aurélien which evolved into orléans 76 notes edit his full name with honorific and victory titles was imperator caesar lucius domitius aurelianus pius felix invictus augustus pontifex maximus germanicus maximus gothicus maximus parthicus maximus carpicus maximus tribunicia potestate vi consul iii imperator pater patriae proconsul restitutor orbis 1 had aurelian s family been enfranchised by virtue of the constitutio antoniniana 212 his nomen would have been aurelius the tres militia were i prefecture of a cohort of auxiliary infantry ii tribunate of a legionary cohort and iii prefecture of an ala of auxiliary cavalry compare the career of pertinax who pursued the tres militia with those of publius aelius aelianus lucius aurelius marcianus both probably and traianus mucianus certainly who rose e caliga i e through the ranks the collection of brescia includes four bronze busts that have been traditionally identified as two pairs belonging to probus and claudius ii 39 40 this bust mr 352 is sometimes identified as aurelian 41 42 43 the other supposed bust of claudius mr 353 has also been identified as probus 44 the busts may all depict different people however it is virtually impossible to confirm their identity as coin portraits after the 3rd century gradually lost individual features and often varied depending on the mint 45 46 this title had also been attested in the epigraphs of gordian iii and philip 55 later emperors tacitus and carus would mint coins with the legends xi or ia signalling a 10 of silver in the alloy references edit groag col 157 aurelian merriam webster com dictionary merriam webster oclc 1032680871 wilkes john j 1992 the illyrians oxford blackwell publishing p 262 isbn 0 631 19807 5 with the accession of m aurelius claudius in ad 268 following his victory over the goths at naissus the empire came under the control of the leading illyriciani at sirmium the new ruler came from southern illyricum either dalmatia or dardania but his reign ended with his death from a plague at sirmium in ad 270 rejecting the senate s proposal of claudius brother the illyriciani chose instead one of themselves the formidable domitius aurelianus probably a native of sirmium halsberghe g h 1972 the cult of sol invictus etudes préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l empire romain brill p 152 retrieved 13 april 2018 1 2 watson 1999 p 1 john malalas book 12 chapter 30 croke brian 1990 studies in john malalas brill p 76 isbn 978 90 04 34462 4 anderson zachary 2015 the fall of rome and the rise of constantinople cavendish square p 28 isbn 978 1 5026 0574 0 morris kenneth 2009 the crest wave of evolution a course of lectures in history given in the raja yoga college 1918 1919 floating press p 764 isbn 978 1 77541 083 6 fine john v a 2010 when ethnicity did not matter in the balkans a study of identity in pre nationalist croatia dalmatia and slavonia in the medieval and early modern periods university of michigan press p 258 isbn 978 0 472 02560 2 wijnendaele jeroen w p hanaghan michael p 2021 constantius heros ilcv 66 an elegiac testimony on the decline of the late roman west chiron 51 273 doi 10 1515 9783110742770 008 isbn 9783110742770 s2cid 244540886 cite journal cs1 maint periodical has isbn link syvänne 2020 pp 29 30 saunders 1992 p 107 saunders 1992 p 109 for instance vita divi aureliani paras 5 5 6 6 3 5 and 7 1 2 if he ever was a tribune of a legion as suggested in 7 1 2 it could not have been with legio vii gallicana as that unit never existed saunders 1992 pp 129 130 1 2 3 white 2015 p syvänne ilkka 30 may 2019 the reign of emperor gallienus the apogee of roman cavalry pen and sword isbn 978 1 5267 4522 4 1 2 hengst daniël den 2010 emperors and historiography collected essays on the literature of the roman empire by daniël den hengst brill pp 91 119 204 206 isbn 978 900 417 438 2 watson alaric 2004 aurelian and the third century new york psychology press p 113 isbn 0 415 30187 4 topostext topostext org retrieved 7 june 2020 watson alaric 2004 aurelian and the third century new york ny psychology press p 172 isbn 0 415 30187 4 lacuscurtius templum solis platner ashby 1929 penelope uchicago edu retrieved 23 june 2020 aurelius victor xxxiii 21 other sources do not cite aurelian among those who conspired against gallienus though different sources have claimed that he was the one who called gallienus out of his tent under a proposed conspiracy at the point gallienus was stabbed watson 1999 p 41 j bray 1997 pp 279 288 pat southern 2001 p 109 also see alaric watson 1999 p 215 david s potter 2004 p 266 herwig wolfram history of the goths transl by thomas j dunlap university of california press 1988 isbn 0 520 06983 8 p 54 1 2 watson 1999 1 2 3 körner christian 23 december 2008 aurelian a d 270 275 de imperatoribus romanis an online encyclopedia of roman rulers and their families archived from the original on 2 december 2010 retrieved 6 january 2011 1 2 3 watson 1999 p 42 1 2 watson 1999 p 43 1 2 watson 1999 p 44 1 2 3 4 5 watson 1999 p 45 watson 1999 p 46 1 2 peachin 1990 pp 43 44 kienast 2017 p 222 stein pp 46 50 zonaras 1 2 3 4 korner small bronze sculpture from the ancient world papers delivered at a symposium organized by the departments of antiquities and antiquities conservation and held at the j paul getty museum march 16 19 1989 getty publications 1990 p 110 isbn 978 0 89236 176 2 bust of probus and claudius ii mr 351 mr 350 mr 352 mr 353 portraitkopf des aurelianus museo civico romano brescia arachne arachne german archaeological institute university of cologne heijnen s j m 2022 portraying change the representation of roman emperors in freestanding sculpture ca 50 bc ca 400 ad gildeprint enschede p 79 isbn 978 94 6419 400 5 white 2015 p 139 portraitkopf des marcus aurelius probus museo della città brescia arachne german archaeological institute university of cologne schneider rolf michael 2012 porträtkopf kaiser oder zeitgesicht in puhle matthias ed otto der große und das römische reich kaisertum von der antike zum mittelalter ausstellungskatalog landesausstellung sachsen anhalt aus anlass des 1100 geburtstages ottos des großen regensburg heidelberg university library pp 144 145 doi 10 11588 propylaeumdok 00005378 wegner max 1973 romische bildnisse aus bronze im museo romano zu brescia in ateneo di scienze lettere e arti brescia atti del convegno internazionale per il xix centenario della dedicazione del capitolium e per il 150 anniversario della sua scoperta vol 2 163 169 magh david historia augusta vol ii loeb classical library solving the mystery of an ancient roman plague the atlantic november 2017 zosimus 1 48f eutropius dexippus fgrh iia 460 f7 historia augusta aurelianus xxi 1 3 and xviii 2 watson 1999 pp 51 54 217 waldron byron 2026 aurelian and cniva deimos zeitschrift für antike militärgeschichte watson 1999 pp 54 55 the war against the palmyrene empire is described in zosimus 1 50 1 1 61 1 and historia augusta aurelianus 22 31 stoneman richard 1994 palmyra and its empire zenobia s revolt against rome university of michigan press p 167 isbn 0472083155 brent allen 2021 edwards mark ed the routledge handbook of early christian philosophy routledge p 376 isbn 9781134855988 watson 1999 p 174 1 2 3 4 polfer michel 2000 roman emperors dir tetricus i de imperatoribus romanis archived from the original on 6 august 2018 retrieved 6 august 2018 1 2 3 4 southern pat 2015 the roman empire from severus to constantine london routledge isbn 978 1 317 49694 6 pp 175 176 vagi david l 2000 coinage and history of the roman empire c 82 b c a d 480 chicago fitzroy dearborn isbn 978 1 57958 316 3 p 386 watson alaric 2004 aurelian and the third century london routledge p 93 drinkwater j f 2008 maximinus to diocletian and the crisis the cambridge ancient history volume 12 by cameron averil ward perkins bryan whitby michael cambridge cambridge university press isbn 978 0 5213 2591 2 p 53 1 2 chisholm hugh ed 1911 aurelian encyclopædia britannica vol 2 11th ed cambridge university press pp 923 924 clauss manfred 2001 die römischen kaiser 55 historische portraits von caesar bis iustinian in german münchen beck p 250 isbn 978 3 406 47288 6 lactantius de mortibus persecutorum 6 eusebius historia ecclesiastica 7 30 20 jerome chronicon 263rd olympiad orosius historiarum book 7 chapter 23 watson 1999 pp 52 53 on the different theories regarding the xxi see schwenter johannes 2023 aurelians münzreform das kürzel xxi aurelian s coin reform the abbreviation xxi jahrbuch für numismatik und geldgeschichte 73 pp 195 204 watson 1999 p 130 sylvianne estiot the lava treasure of roman gold also in trésors monétaires volume xxiv bnf 2011 isbn 9782717724929 watson alaric 2004 aurelian and the third century london routledge pp 139 140 pat southern the roman empire from severus to constantine london routledge 2015 isbn 978 0 415 73807 1 p 181 watson 1999 pp 104 105 225 watson 1999 pp 113 116 for an exact etymology see debal jacques 1996 cenabum aurelianis orléans lyon presses universitaires de lyon isbn 978 2 7297 0554 1 primary sources edit aurelius victor epitome de caesaribus xxxv epitome de caesaribus 4th century eutropius breviarium historiae romanae ix 13 15 4th century historia augusta aurelianus life of aurelian part 1 part 2 part 3 zosimus historia nova translation of the historia nova published in 1814 book 1 5th 6th century joannes zonaras compendium of history compendium excerpt claudius to diocletian 268 284 12th century secondary sources edit groag edmund domitius 36 realencyclopädie der classischen altertumswissenschaft volume 9 v 1 metzlerscher verlag stuttgart 1903 columns 1347 1419 kienast d 2017 römische kaisertabelle grundzüge einer römischen kaiserchronologie darmstadt wissenschaftliche buchgesellschaft isbn 9783534132898 körner christian 20 july 2001 aurelian de imperatoribus romanis archived from the original on 20 october 2006 retrieved 4 november 2006 korner 2001 saunders randall titus 1992 a biography of the emperor aurelian ad 270 275 ann arbor michigan umi dissertation services southern pat 2001 the roman empire from severus to constantine routledge p 125 isbn 0 415 23944 3 peachin michael 1990 roman imperial titulature and chronology a d 235 284 amsterdam gieben isbn 90 5063 034 0 stein arthur 1924 zur chronologie der römischen kaiser von decius bis diocletian archiv für papyrusforschung und verwandte gebiete 7 1 2 30 51 doi 10 1515 apf 1924 7 1 2 30 s2cid 161464046 syvänne ilkka 2020 aurelian and probus the soldier emperors who saved rome yorkshire pen and sword military isbn 978 1 5267 6750 9 watson alaric 1999 aurelian and the third century pdf the classical world vol 94 london routledge pp 2...