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tering them all when aurelian finally charged in with his dalmatian cavalry the goths still managed to escape and continued their march through thrace 32 the roman army continued to follow the goths during the spring and summer of 270 meanwhile a devastating plague swept through the balkans killing many soldiers in both armies emperor claudius fell ill on the march to the battle and returned to his regional headquarters in sirmium leaving aurelian in charge of operations against the goths 32 aurelian used his cavalry to great effect breaking the goths into smaller groups which were easier to handle by late summer the goths were defeated any survivors were stripped of their animals and booty and were levied into the army or settled as farmers in frontier regions 32 aurelian had no time to relish his victories in late august news arrived from sirmium that emperor claudius was dead 33 emperor edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed march 2021 learn how and when to remove this message rise to power edit when claudius died his brother quintillus seized power with support of the senate with an act typical of the crisis of the third century the army refused to recognize the new emperor preferring to support one of its own commanders aurelian was proclaimed emperor about august or september 34 35 older sources argue for may 36 by the legions in sirmium aurelian defeated quintillus troops and was recognized as emperor by the senate after quintillus death the claim that aurelian was chosen by claudius on his death bed 37 can be dismissed as propaganda later probably in 272 aurelian put his own dies imperii at the day of claudius death thus implicitly considering quintillus a usurper 38 the roman empire in the 270s edit bronze bust labelled as claudius gothicus in the santa giulia museum of brescia italy this bust has sometimes been identified as aurelian e in 248 emperor philip the arab had celebrated the millennium of the city of rome with great and expensive ceremonies and games and the empire had given a tremendous proof of self confidence 47 in the following years the empire had to face a huge pressure from external enemies while at the same time dangerous civil wars threatened the empire from within with usurpers weakening the strength of the state also the economic substrate of the state agriculture and commerce suffered from the disruption caused by the instability on top of this an epidemic swept through the empire around 250 greatly diminishing manpower 48 both for the army and for agriculture the end result was that the empire could not endure the blow of the capture of emperor valerian in 260 by the sassanids the eastern provinces found their protectors in the rulers of the city of palmyra in syria whose autonomy grew until the formation of the palmyrene empire which was successful in defending against the sassanid threat the western provinces those facing the limes of the rhine seceded to form a third autonomous state within the territories of the roman empire which is now known as the gallic empire in rome the emperor was occupied with internal menaces to his power and with the defence of italia and the balkans reunification of the empire edit the first actions of the new emperor were aimed at strengthening his own position in his territories late in 270 aurelian campaigned in northern italia against the vandals juthungi and sarmatians expelling them from roman territory to celebrate these victories aurelian was granted the title of germanicus maximus 49 the authority of the emperor was challenged by several usurpers septimius urbanus domitianus and the rebellion of felicissimus who tried to exploit the sense of insecurity of the empire and the overwhelming influence of the armies in roman politics aurelian being an experienced commander was aware of the importance of the army and his propaganda known through his coinage shows he wanted the support of the legions 38 defending italy against the juthungi edit the porta asinaria a gate in the aurelian walls the burden of the northern barbarians was not yet over however in 271 the alamanni moved towards italia entering the po plain and sacking the villages they passed the po river occupied placentia and moved towards fano aurelian who was in pannonia to control the vandals withdrawal quickly entered italia but his army was defeated in an ambush near placentia january 271 when the news of the defeat arrived in rome it caused great fear for the arrival of the barbarians but aurelian attacked the alamanni camping near the metaurus river defeating them in the battle of fano and forcing them to re cross the po river aurelian finally routed them at pavia for this he received the title germanicus maximus however the menace of the germanic people and a germanic invasion was still perceived by the romans as likely therefore aurelian resolved to build a new system of walls around rome that became known as the aurelian walls 50 defeat of the goths and abandonment of dacia edit the emperor led his legions to the balkans where he defeated and routed the goths beyond the danube killing the gothic leader cannabaudes possibly to be identified with cniva 51 and assuming the title of gothicus maximus however he decided to abandon the province of dacia on the exposed north bank of the danube as it was too difficult and expensive to defend he reorganized a new province of dacia south of the danube inside the former moesia called dacia aureliana with serdica as the capital 52 conquest of the palmyrene empire edit the roman empire by 271 a d before the reconquest of the palmyrene empire and the gallic empire by aurelian the route of aurelian s campaign against palmyra in 272 aurelian turned his attention to the lost eastern provinces of the empire the palmyrene empire ruled by queen zenobia from the city of palmyra 53 zenobia had carved out her own empire encompassing syria palestine egypt and large parts of asia minor the syrian queen cut off rome s shipments of grain and in a matter of weeks the romans started running low on bread in the beginning aurelian had been recognized as emperor while vaballathus the son of zenobia held the title of rex and imperator king and supreme military commander but aurelian decided to invade the eastern provinces as soon as he felt his army was strong enough for the campaign asia minor was recovered easily every city but byzantium and tyana surrendered to him with little resistance the fall of tyana lent itself to a legend aurelian to that point had destroyed every city that resisted him but he spared tyana after having a vision of the great 1st century philosopher apollonius of tyana whom he respected greatly in a dream apollonius implored aurelian if you desire to rule abstain from the blood of the innocent aurelian if you will conquer be merciful 54 aurelian spared tyana and it paid off many more cities submitted to him upon seeing that the emperor would not exact revenge upon them within six months his armies stood at the gates of palmyra which surrendered when zenobia tried to flee to the sassanid empire eventually zenobia and her son were captured and made to walk the streets of rome in his triumph the woman in golden chains with the grain stores of rome refilled aurelian s soldiers handed out free bread to the citizens of the city and the emperor was hailed a hero by his subjects after a brief clash with the persians and another in egypt against the usurper firmus aurelian was obliged to return to palmyra in 273 when that city rebelled once more this time aurelian allowed his soldiers to sack the city and palmyra never recovered more honors came his way he was now known as parthicus maximus and restitutor orientis restorer of the east 38 he took up the title restitutor orbis restorer of the world this title was first assumed by aurelian in late summer of 272 and had been carried previously by both valerian and gallienus 27 f the increased frequency of its usage was aurelian s innovation 56 the rich province of egypt was also recovered by aurelian the brucheion royal quarter in alexandria was burned to the ground this section of the city once contained the library of alexandria although the extent of the surviving library in aurelian s time is uncertain conquest of the gallic empire edit after aurelian had succeeded in his reconquest of the palmyrene empire he turned his attention to the gallic empire beginning preparations for an invasion in 273 in early 274 aurelian began to march into northern gaul while the leader of the gallic empire tetricus i led his troops southward from augusta treverorum to meet him the armies of aurelian and tetricus met in february or march 274 at the battle of châlons near modern day châlons in north eastern france 57 58 roman sources including aurelius victor eutropius the historia augusta and orosius report that tetricus had already made a deal with aurelian offering to betray his troops and surrender in exchange for an honourable defeat and no punishment allegedly quoting the ghost of palinurus from virgil s aeneid 6 365 eripe me his invicte malis it pluck me out o undefeated one from these troubles 57 58 however some modern historians have questioned this narrative and suggested that it may have been the product of roman imperial propaganda 57 58 59 according to alaric watson the higher discipline of the roman forces coupled with the greater military command of aurelian tipped the harsh battle in roman favor and after tetricus was captured in during the battle the morale of the gallic forces broke 60 tetricus surrendered either directly after his defeat or later the latest possible date for his surrender was march 274 when the gallic mints switched from minting coins of tetricus i and ii to those of aurelian 57 58 61 a radiate of aurelian obverse legend imp avrelianvs avg a radiate of aurelian reverse legend oriens avg exxi reforms edit aurelian was a reformer and settled many important functions of the imperial apparatus dealing with the economy and religion he restored many public buildings reorganized the management of the food reserves set fixed prices for the most important goods and prosecuted misconduct by the public officers 62 religious reform edit aurelian strengthened the position of the sun god sol invictus as the main divinity of the roman pantheon his intention was to give to all the peoples of the empire civilian or soldiers easterners or westerners a single god they could believe in without betraying their own gods the centre of the cult was a new temple built in 274 and dedicated on 25 december 63 of that year in the campus agrippae in rome with great decorations financed by the spoils of the palmyrene empire during his short rule aurelian seemed to follow the principle of one faith one empire which would not be made official until the edict of thessalonica he appears with the title deus et dominus natus god and born ruler on some of his coins a style also later adopted by diocletian lactantius argued that aurelian would have outlawed all the other gods if he had had enough time he was recorded by christian historians as having organized persecutions 64 65 66 67 felicissimus rebellion and coinage reform edit aurelian s reign records the only uprising of mint workers the rationalis felicissimus a senior public financial official whose responsibilities included supervision of the mint at rome revolted against aurelian the revolt seems to have been caused by the fact that the mint workers and felicissimus first were accustomed to stealing the silver meant for the coins and producing coins of inferior quality aurelian wanted to eliminate this and put felicissimus on trial the rationalis incited the mint workers to revolt the rebellion spread in the streets even if it seems that felicissimus was killed immediately presumably executed the palmyrene rebellion in egypt had probably reduced the grain supply to rome thus disaffecting the population to the emperor this rebellion also had the support of some senators probably those who had supported the election of quintillus and thus had something to fear from aurelian aurelian ordered the cohortes urbanae urban cohorts reinforced by some regular troops of the imperial army to attack the rebelling mob the resulting battle fought on the caelian hill marked the end of the revolt even if at a high price some sources give the figure probably exaggerated of 7 000 casualties 62 many of the rebels were executed also some of the supporting senators were put to death the mint of rome was closed temporarily and the institution of several other mints caused the main mint of the empire to lose its hegemony 68 his monetary reformation included the introduction of antoniniani containing 5 silver they bore the mark xxi or its greek numeral form ka which meant according to some researchers 69 that twenty of such coins would contain the same silver quantity of an old silver denarius 70 g considering that this was an improvement over the previous situation gives an idea of the severity of the economic situation aurelian faced the emperor struggled to introduce the new good coin by recalling all the old bad coins before their introduction 38 a very large number of rare gold coins of aurelian have been discovered as part of the lava treasure in corsica france in the 1980s 71 food distribution reforms edit rome had been distributing grain to its poorest citizens at a reduced price since 123 bc and for free since 58 bc through the cura annonae aurelian is usually credited with changing or completing the change of the food distribution system from grain or flour to bread and adding olive oil salt and pork to the products distributed to the populace these products had been distributed sporadically before aurelian is also credited with increasing the size of the loaves of bread without increasing their price a measure that was undoubtedly popular with the romans who were not receiving free bread and other products through the dole 72 aurelian is believed to have terminated trajan s alimenta program roman prefect titus flavius postumius quietus was the last known official in charge of the alimenta in 271 if aurelian did suppress this food distribution system he most likely intended to put into effect a more radical reform indeed around this time aurelian reformed the cura annonae to replace the dole of grain by a dole of bread salt and pork as well as subsidized prices for other goods such as oil and wine 73 death edit the deaths of the sassanid kings shapur i 272 and hormizd i 273 in quick succession and the rise to power of a weakened ruler bahram i presented an opportunity to attack the sassanid empire and in 275 aurelian set out for another campaign against the sassanids on his way he suppressed a revolt in gaul possibly against faustinus an officer or usur...