Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

behaviour, and, to, articles, bonobo, contents, etymology, taxonomy, description, distribution, habitat, ecological, role, conservation, status, in, human, culture, see, also, notes, references, further, reading, external, links, genetics, genomics, hybrids, social, diet, cognitive, comparisons, chimpanzees, similarity, humans, books, journal, sociosexual, peacefulness,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (608), and (332), bonobos (216), #bonobo (173), from (131), retrieved (81), doi (81), archived (79), with (78), original (78), chimpanzees (73), are (73), males (70), female (68), pan (65), for (63), that (62), chimpanzee (59), their (56), pmid (53), than (47), more (45), species (44), male (44), have (44), paniscus (43), females (43), other (42), bibcode (42), not (42), congo (41), human (41), s2cid (40), 2021 (39), between (38), humans (36), may (35), isbn (34), 2012 (33), apes (32), behaviour (32), also (32), this (31), has (31), common (30), wild (30), was (28), ape (28), social (28), genome (28), 2023 (28), sexual (28), been (27), journal (26), conservation (25), great (24), 978 (24), two (24), primates (23), they (23), which (23), pmc (21), 2010 (21), february (21), aggression (21), first (20), waal (20), 2013 (20), group (20), new (19), behavior (19), some (19), them (19), university (18), often (18), although (18), while (18), 2011 (17), american (17), society (17), pdf (17), april (17), 2020 (17), there (17), will (17), were (17), national (16), press (16), march (16), among (16), these (16), sex (15), june (15), september (15), 2016 (15), 2006 (15), forest (15), 2022 (15), infants (15), when (15), community (14), kanzi (14), study (14), nature (14), one (14), july (14), 1038 (14), such (14), can (14), river (14), less (14), habitat (14), because (14), use (13), status (13), world (13), 2024 (13), but (13), genital (13), groups (13), only (13), years (13), about (12), republic (12), evolution (12), primate (12), project (12), november (12), 2008 (12), hohmann (12), surbeck (12), science (12), infant (12), 2005 (12), even (12), food (12), found (12), 000 (12), communities (12), each (12), different (11), gorilla (11), troglodytes (11), within (11), 2007 (11), 1002 (11), genes (11), 2017 (11), park (11), against (11), most (11), physical (11), population (11), local (11), seeds (11), face (11), his (11), both (11), observed (11), last (10), cs1 (10), democratic (10), list (10), org (10), international (10), biology (10), wildlife (10), scientific (10), december (10), 2009 (10), dispersal (10), 1007 (10), mother (10), times (10), aggressive (10), during (10), relationships (10), help (10), high (10), compared (10), over (10), its (10), researchers (10), who (10), ranking (10), non (9), individual (9), ancestor (9), orangutan (9), pygmy (9), 2015 (9), differences (9), infanticide (9), any (9), animals (9), alliances (9), similar (9), mothers (9), adult (9), captivity (9), range (9), affiliation (9), had (9), wikipedia (8), link (8), mammals (8), schwarz (8), day (8), related (8), our (8), living (8), fruth (8), primatology (8), ecological (8), january (8), based (8), into (8), animal (8), evidence (8), october (8), hunting (8), size (8), rubbing (8), all (8), form (8), mating (8), victim (8), known (8), engage (8), using (7), foundation (7), august (7), articles (7), maint (7), iucn (7), life (7), homo (7), zoo (7), african (7), natural (7), ecology (7), 2004 (7), make (7), people (7), seed (7), cognitive (7), 1016 (7), divergence (7), diet (7), furuichi (7), 2019 (7), 2018 (7), part (7), cambridge (7), role (7), success (7), exhibit (7), others (7), hybrids (7), through (7), though (7), still (7), congolese (7), zsm (7), activity (7), those (7), however (7), view (6), contact (6), links (6), service (6), described (6), central (6), extant (6), chimps (6), research (6), wide (6), fund (6), rumbaugh (6), evolutionary (6), 2014 (6), milwaukee (6), books (6), initiative (6), beaune (6), what (6), post (6), analysis (6), history (6), age (6), captive (6), news (6), self (6), comparison (6), current (6), salonga (6), feeding (6), three (6), individuals (6), small (6), live (6), cite (6), scientists (6), van (6), hunt (6), long (6), dominant (6), time (6), anthropology (6), peaceful (6), could (6), body (6), model (6), english (6), million (6), being (6), tools (6), another (6), confirmed (6), offspring (6), average (6), together (6), toggle (5), search (5), contacts (5), under (5), page (5), german (5), deprecated (5), archival (5), tool (5), africa (5), 1929 (5), endangered (5), gorillas (5), little (5), monkeys (5), survival (5), savage (5), 100 (5), sciences (5), selection (5), genus (5), distinct (5), 1995 (5), zoological (5), 1992 (5), further (5), biodiversity (5), com (5), parks (5), 1017 (5), ajp (5), genetics (5), where (5), bbc (5), 111 (5), hare (5), wamba (5), far (5), genetic (5), wrangham (5), hypothesis (5), same (5), 130 (5), 1996 (5), rates (5), eds (5), dominance (5), outside (5), sons (5), mate (5), having (5), wilson (5), better (5), locomotion (5), suggests (5), see (5), several (5), many (5), well (5), plants (5), disperse (5), after (5), reported (5), yet (5), spontaneous (5), him (5), means (5), published (5), behaviours (5), show (5), her (5), birth (5), oestrus (5), back (5), prominent (5), ago (5), contents (4), commons (4), wikidata (4), language (4), description (4), ernst (4), cites (4), red (4), tree (4), old (4), martin (4), orangutans (4), john (4), monkey (4), learning (4), western (4), eastern (4), external (4), 2003 (4), proceedings (4), diversity (4), 1371 (4), plos (4), brian (4), how (4), encounters (4), empathy (4), mind (4), 1997 (4), closest (4), survey (4), would (4), trees (4), bretagnolle (4), bollache (4), interactions (4), tropical (4), sequence (4), left (4), palagi (4), protect (4), making (4), earlier (4), recognition (4), comparative (4), phys (4), genomes (4), brain (4), cannibalism (4), young (4), own (4), meat (4), cub (4), right (4), 2000 (4), possible (4), supporting (4), white (4), competition (4), 105 (4), primatologist (4), does (4), 116 (4), sociosexual (4), closely (4), play (4), york (4), cooperation (4), find (4), capable (4), share (4), reserve (4), behavioural (4), sister (4), elsacker (4), 021 (4), provide (4), conflict (4), partners (4), www (4), towards (4), report (4), conflicts (4), hierarchy (4), ajpa (4), lethal (4), members (4), facial (4), bipedal (4), walking (4), coolidge (4), killing (4), 437 (4), south (4), forests (4), reference (4), established (4), parties (4), various (4), out (4), according (4), involvement (4), greater (4), indigenous (4), learn (4), plan (4), around (4), populations (4), north (4), peace (4), previously (4), forming (4), contrast (4), 500 (4), major (4), general (4), certain (4), structure (4), year (4), recorded (4), higher (4), larger (4), account (4), including (4), shown (4), sometimes (4), much (4), documented (4), occur (4), position (4), rump (4), she (4), possibly (4), bonding (4), typically (4), son (4), changes (4), name (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), available (3), terms (3), site (3), wikimedia (3), categories (3), taxon (3), category (3), french (3), sources (3), fauna (3), pleistocene (3), https (3), data (3), united (3), states (3), observation (3), wikispecies (3), max (3), peter (3), panbanisha (3), fictional (3), bushmeat (3), rights (3), personhood (3), sapiens (3), hominidae (3), order (3), mammalia (3), assembly (3), why (3), information (3), dna (3), andré (3), pone (3), genomic (3), variation (3), parker (3), yorker (3), swingers (3), 1998 (3), 393 (3), 1994 (3), stanford (3), 520 (3), california (3), reading (3), protecting (3), kin (3), magazine (3), lola (3), hart (3), parish (3), large (3), bank (3), did (3), come (3), paoli (3), tarli (3), reconciliation (3), consolation (3), 1999 (3), stone (3), 1006 (3), review (3), hdl (3), s10329 (3), psychology (3), behavioral (3), anbehav (3), lineage (3), whole (3), gene (3), tokuyama (3), cases (3), maternal (3), field (3), sites (3), scientist (3), eaten (3), ihobe (3), observations (3), wisconsin (3), amygdala (3), 1126 (3), 289 (3), 1093 (3), publishing (3), extreme (3), due (3), gottfried (3), socio (3), findings (3), development (3), adults (3), areas (3), penises (3), juvenile (3), used (3), frans (3), function (3), 107 (3), harvard (3), 674 (3), swelling (3), very (3), act (3), bonds (3), across (3), cooperate (3), sharing (3), preference (3), absence (3), hierarchies (3), s41598 (3), reports (3), strategy (3), support (3), oxford (3), fact (3), term (3), studies (3), understanding (3), relative (3), societies (3), taking (3), successful (3), likely (3), influence (3), 2025 (3), tell (3), know (3), features (3), anatomy (3), quadrupedal (3), terrestrial (3), volume (3), antwerp (3), belgium (3), interbreeding (3), david (3), 132 (3), sequencing (3), initial (3), leading (3), paper (3), 115 (3), 114 (3), women (3), government (3), basankusu (3), culture (3), organisations (3), surveys (3), carry (3), basin (3), ngos (3), region (3), depend (3), throughout (3), training (3), started (3), elephants (3), action (3), developed (3), protection (3), led (3), town (3), before (3), since (3), exist (3), without (3), threats (3), second (3), cannot (3), frugivorous (3), travel (3), remain (3), read (3), separated (3), distribution (3), instances (3), pattern (3), third (3), party (3), toward (3), solicited (3), suggesting (3), bond (3), then (3), determined (3), taught (3), create (3), tasks (3), lower (3), attack (3), cooperative (3), specific (3), injuries (3), violent (3), peacefulness (3), highly (3), reproductive (3), give (3), longer (3), every (3), rub (3), interaction (3), following (3), weight (3), clitoris (3), biologist (3), dominate (3), source (3), generally (3), like (3), split (3), secure (3), rank (3), top (3), called (3), thought (3), length (3), appearance (3), relatively (3), hair (3), pregnancies (3), subspecies (3), protein (3), coding (3), number (3), ancestors (3), early (3), taxonomy (3), subsection (3), main (3), languages (2), table (2), legal (2), privacy (2), policy (2), text (2), you (2), organization (2), inc (2), url (2), wayback (2), periodical (2), protected (2), pages (2), short (2), listed (2), appendix (2), control (2), database (2), ncbi (2), nonja (2), jenny (2), willie (2), michael (2), kokomo (2), daniel (2), space (2), notable (2), gibbon (2), nonhuman (2), partnership (2), kinshasa (2), center (2), ian (2), tapanuli (2), bornean (2), sumatran (2), class (2), phylum (2), chordata (2), kingdom (2), animalia (2), family (2), ucsc (2), browser (2), san (2), net (2), 1073 (2), pnas (2), academy (2), 270 (2), prüfer (2), atlantic (2), 7871411 (2), scientificamerican0395 (2), 1995sciam (2), 272c (2), 82w (2), 272 (2), 07377 (2), norton (2), atheist (2), woods (2), wiley (2), brink (2), lewin (2), takayoshi (2), 20535 (2), forgotten (2), lanting (2), hippie (2), searching (2), earth (2), love (2), war (2), mammal (2), lianas (2), bourson (2), dialium (2), positive (2), dung (2), beetles (2), critical (2), rodents (2), rain (2), services (2), effectiveness (2), strategies (2), threat (2), defaunation (2), richter (2), gnerre (2), reich (2), geographic (2), houghton (2), mifflin (2), 155 (2), online (2), friends (2), schick (2), toth (2), garufi (2), raffaele (2), smithsonian (2), trust (2), columbus (2), james (2), gordon (2), mirror (2), 2433 (2), 1023 (2), pathways (2), rilling (2), 1111 (2), associated (2), call (2), albert (2), lokasola (2), takeshi (2), kokolopori (2), callaway (2), caught (2), walker (2), 112 (2), hysterangium (2), truffle (2), association (2), eating (2), lang (2), luikotale (2), arboreal (2), washington (2), impacts (2), cingulate (2), neuroscience (2), davidson (2), neural (2), regulation (2), violence (2), 5479 (2), 591 (2), scholz (2), cognition (2), 164 (2), 1163 (2), 148 (2), finds (2), 101 (2), paradox (2), 3891 (2), simian (2), immunodeficiency (2), virus (2), museum (2), reproduction (2), s00265 (2), sociobiology (2), kill (2), wobber (2), 007 (2), 2012anbeh (2), sexy (2), christopher (2), mundry (2), peers (2), absent (2), suggest (2), serves (2), moreover (2), dependent (2), 010 (2), juveniles (2), think (2), 1990 (2), tension (2), springer (2), dimensions (2), web (2), hogenboom (2), homosexual (2), kitamura (2), 1989 (2), genito (2), 68052 (2), leaves (2), cultural (2), 120 (2), cultures (2), perineal (2), cycle (2), angier (2), balcombe (2), topics (2), samuni (2), liran (2), 382 (2), borders (2), challenging (2), zimmer (2), carl (2), lomako (2), erica (2), elife (2), prey (2), coercion (2), convergence (2), 516 (2), 236795730 (2), 9781316339916 (2), 029 (2), 499 (2), lessons (2), vervaecke (2), toda (2), poiret (2), iyokango (2), bakaa (2), ishizuka (2), 4967 (2), 33737517 (2), 7973529 (2), 83667 (2), 2021natsr (2), 4967t (2), adopted (2), care (2), coalitions (2), important (2), 1098 (2), rspb (2), 278 (2), biological (2), matter (2), libguides (2), alive (2), hashimoto (2), philopatric (2), 642 (2), 22514 (2), test (2), shows (2), irritable (2), unusual (2), story (2), intersexual (2), ways (2), 2010cbio (2), delayed (2), spend (2), 521 (2), stand (2), encyclopedia (2), attractive (2), teach (2), wood (2), priority (2), something (2), 122 (2), point (2), despite (2), aggressively (2), cousins (2), 513 (2), contributions (2), 131 (2), paedomorphosis (2), shea (2), 6623093 (2), 222 (2), wiessner (2), twenty (2), août (2), aerts (2), similarities (2), locomotor (2), baltimore (2), johns (2), hopkins (2), visual (2), guide (2), performance (2), jonathan (2), hilde (2), retrieve (2), 108 (2), trade (2), jason (2), 594 (2), quality (2), 486 (2), clark (2), henneberg (2), 109 (2), ardipithecus (2), ramidus (2), griffith (2), zihlman (2), 275 (2), 7055 (2), 2005natur (2), lander (2), speciation (2), 441 (2), resemble (2), modern (2), inner (2), 2002 (2), 1933 (2), des (2), merriam (2), webster (2), oclc (2), dictionary (2), required (2), 162 (2), 142 (2), 139 (2), 608 (2), stasis (2), version (2), assessment (2), threatened (2), taxonomic (2), references (2), gynecocracy (2), notes (2), base (2), trying (2), risk (2), suggested (2), indonesia (2), awareness (2), believed (2), hard (2), estimates (2), significant (2), establish (2), work (2), develop (2), programs (2), upon (2), education (2), schools (2), near (2), agriculture (2), grow (2), crops (2), measures (2), includes (2), preservation (2), institutions (2), monitoring (2), conducted (2), become (2), involved (2), provided (2), free (2), ranging (2), actions (2), port (2), lopori (2), efforts (2), wars (2), 1990s (2), driven (2), works (2), drc (2), going (2), square (2), strong (2), undertaken (2), indicate (2), rare (2), latter (2), increased (2), extinction (2), characterized (2), present (2), majority (2), spatial (2), replace (2), just (2), rainforest (2), 160 (2), 157 (2), need (2), reproduce (2), estimated (2), hours (2), transfer (2), kilometers (2), mean (2), deposited (2), dispersed (2), ranges (2), made (2), laugh (2), 152 (2), affinitive (2), offered (2), bystander (2), reduced (2), anxiety (2), thus (2), itself (2), distressed (2), authors (2), perceive (2), invitation (2), simple (2), resulted (2), gary (2), able (2), hold (2), hand (2), cobble (2), initiate (2), observing (2), results (2), communicate (2), keyboard (2), symbols (2), spoken (2), words (2), primarily (2), currently (2), characteristic (2), take (2), similarity (2), showed (2), skilled (2), theory (2), causality (2), immediate (2), rather (2), 140 (2), comparisons (2), claim (2), least (2), 129 (2), duikers (2), omnivorous (2), five (2), reflect (2), dominated (2), danger (2), recent (2), anterior (2), cortex (2), assumed (2), feeling (2), connection (2), area (2), impulses (2), referred (2), serious (2), essentially (2), hypothesized (2), grooming (2), acts (2), intense (2), 121 (2), hostile (2), single (2), seem (2), prefer (2), unknown (2), 119 (2), kidnapping (2), dehydration (2), practice (2), chance (2), almost (2), certainly (2), incentive (2), 113 (2), quite (2), stimulation (2), 110 (2), days (2), resume (2), giving (2), get (2), matings (2), forms (2), mounting (2), occurs (2), tongue (2), kissing (2), adolescent (2), clitorises (2), usually (2), occasionally (2), evolved (2), socially (2), enables (2), ground (2), lead (2), permanent (2), plays (2), particularly (2), tendencies (2), formed (2), target (2), approximately (2), sleep (2), sexes (2), settings (2), forge (2), instead (2), successfully (2), tolerant (2), promiscuous (2), slightly (2), low (2), coerce (2), rebuff (2), difference (2), eyes (2), ears (2), grown (2), natal (2), entirely (2), outrank (2), characteristics (2), matriarchal (2), overlap (2), environment (2), possess (2), nonetheless (2), behave (2), primatologists (2), argued (2), kept (2), studied (2), bouts (2), smaller (2), head (2), lips (2), breasts (2), thin (2), gracile (2), hybrid (2), overall (2), nucleotide (2), noncoding (2), genomics (2), embl (2), anatomical (2), ancestral (2), fossils (2), anatomist (2), classified (2), tratz (2), heck (2), 1920s (2), stressed (2), syllable (2), zoologist (2), etymology (2), political (2), upload (2), file (2), article (2), edit (2), norsk (2), log (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, conduct, safety, disclaimers, additional, apply, agree, registered, trademark, profit, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, edited, 2026, utc, hidden, taxonbars, ids, unfit, containing, webarchive, template, microformats, indefinitely, semi, taxa, named, appearances, endemic, index, php, title, oldid, 1368873997, yale, lux, israel, czech, bnf, france, gnd, authority, databases, xeno, canto, 12793, tsa, 8333, 236870, paleobiology, 158484, open, 86325, 9597, 12100797, msw, 1000719, mdd, 15932, 573081, itis, 10419555, irmng, 43578, inaturalist, 5219533, gbif, panzpa, eppo, 326448, eol, ecos, 1509, 4c92f, col, 12440, bold, pan_paniscus, adw, q19537, identifiers, portals, tonda, sandra, sam, malaysia, austria, manis, ken, allen, karta, karen, joe, chantek, bonnie, azy, alba, meng, abang, toto, trudy, titus, timmy, snowflake, shabani, samson, pogo, pattycake, ozzie, ndume, nico, mumba, massa, louis, koko, jumoke, jambo, ivan, harambe, guy, gargantua, fatou, colo, charles, bokito, bobo, binti, jua, babec, alfred, washoe, viki, travis, sultan, sarah, santino, sami, rita, panpanzee, pankun, oliver, nim, chimpsky, fred, muggs, moja, mitumba, marquis, macaco, tião, lucy, loulis, mama, lana, kasakela, julius, mendi, jinx, jimmy, jiggs, ham, gua, gregoire, enos, cheeta, bubbles, pierre, brassau, bonzo, azalea, ayumu, nyota, yowie, yeti, yeren, mythic, humanoids, bigfoot, declaration, ban, archaeology, borneo, iowa, sanctuary, elgin, redmond, lone, drøscher, nielsen, smits, gladys, kalema, zikusoka, neanderthal, jane, goodall, biruté, galdikas, dian, fossey, lesser, hominini, beringei, homininae, tapanuliensis, pygmaeus, abelii, pongo, ponginae, suborder, haplorhini, panpan1, diego, library, wwf, profile, ted, susan, gentle, genius, info, factsheet, summary, media, wildman, uddin, liu, grossman, goodman, 12766228, 165850, 1232172100, 2003pnas, 7181w, 7181, america, implications, shaping, nonsynonymous, identity, enlarging, zsurka, kudina, peeva, hallmann, elger, khrapko, kunz, 20813043, 2942848, 1186, 1471, 2148, 2010bmcee, 270z, bmc, patterns, mitochondrial, fischer, good, halbwax, wiebe, joly, e21605, 21747915, 3126833, 0021605, 2011ploso, 621605f, fall, bechard, solutions, viral, madrigal, mentally, ill, healed, schweller, 22556649, 1109, mspec, 6221081, ieee, spectrum, apps, debartolo, chicago, tribune, newest, teaching, ourselves, sandin, 9794151, gotham, 59240, 546, handshake, 471, 58591, kibet, chapin, worldwatch, vision, sustainable, friendsofbonobos, reintroduction, lolayabonobo, wildlifedirect, heaven, bonoboincongo, curwood, public, radio, reid, francisco, chronicle, 446, 84253241, s0030605314000878, 442, oryx, happen, disappeared, mutualism, 403, 21817223, 23307414, 22121, 394, preventing, removal, 510, 86529605, s0266467412000466, 2012jteco, 507b, 507, performed, 380, 86540021, s0266467413000515, 2013jteco, 367b, 367, 238, 17600509, s10531, 012, 0416, 2013bicon, 225b, 225, caswell, mallick, neubauer, schirmer, mcvean, e1000057, 18421364, 2278377, pgen, 1000057, alignments, quammen, exploration, 16265, tale, dawkins, beale, abc, laughter, norscia, e79290, 24223924, 3818457, 0079290, 2013ploso, 879290p, console, 22452710, 14752810, 20000, sevcik, continuing, investigations, capabilities, 832, jasc, 0350, 1999jarsc, 821s, 821, archaeological, speaking, meet, webb, squeaks, hint, speech, anderson, gallup, critique, attempts, promote, engineer, 326, 254157787, 26341947, 202619, 015, 0488, 317, dielenberg, uniqueness, 182, bednarik, nova, publishers, 1622579011, gruber, clay, zuberbühler, 1033, 14923158, 005, 2010anbeh, 1023g, bias, map, kovalaskas, lindo, e12715, 226988471, 33200560, gbb, 12715, analyses, reveal, sociality, machine, herrmann, tomasello, e12438, 20806062, 2929188, 0012438, 2010ploso, 512438h, skills, nahoko, deborah, lynn, moore, kirsty, emma, graham, hippy, cannibalising, eats, huffington, ardi, liberal, flung, correspondents, elliott, todd, georgiev, alexander, lotana, smith, matthew, 1211, 221503207, 32886571, 1080, 00275514, 1790234, 1203, mycologia, newly, zoos, aquariums, husbandry, manual, rafert, vineberg, nutrition, relation, zaire, 250, 10063791, bf02382754, 247, madison, der, grüne, wuppertal, trauer, birogu, r906, 6708310, 18957233, 040, 2008cbio, r906s, fowler, deimel, consumption, diurnal, 32622605, 19058132, 20634, 171, skeptic, vastag, explain, varying, pezawas, meyer, lindenberg, drabant, verchinski, munoz, kolachana, httlpr, polymorphism, susceptibility, mechanism, depression, 1864631, 15880108, nn1463, 828, putnam, larson, dysfunction, circuitry, emotion, prelude, 10915615, 2000sci, 591d, preuss, glasser, errangi, behrens, 21467047, 3324566, scan, nsr017, 369, affective, systems, 1988, patch, 18285801, 4534684, jstor, 156853988x00494, 1988behav, 148w, fight, knopf, doubleday, 97019, goodness, strange, relationship, virtue, economist, killer, instincts, sharp, shaw, hahn, 902, 15767392, 1061584, 1128, jvi, 3902, virology, infection, exhibition, beaudrot, kahlenberg, marshall, 1562, 19701484, 2728907, 009, 0827, 2009becos, 1549b, 1549, domestication, 585, 3415520, 573h, 573, questioning, hype, debunks, ryan, vigilant, behringer, immature, fit, predictions, 309, 73440844, 30710459, 21819, 300, vanessa, whereas, completely, functions, tied, gradual, process, facilitated, close, 7628992, 21127940, 0229, participate, ethologists, don, actually, insert, discover, casual, combinations, feierman, 4613, 9684, 378, pedophilia, biosocial, williams, myers, 228, 156853994x00532, 211, scientificamerican0606

Text of the page (random words):
h as central african rock pythons leopards and possibly african golden cats and crowned eagles 65 66 aggressive encounters between males and females are rare and males are tolerant of infants and juveniles a male derives his status from the status of his mother 67 the mother son bond often stays strong and continues throughout life while social hierarchies do exist and although the son of a high ranking female may outrank a lower female rank plays a less prominent role than in other primate societies 68 relationships between different communities are often positive and affiliative and bonobos are not a territorial species 49 bonobos will also share food with others even unrelated strangers 69 bonobos exhibit paedomorphism retaining infantile physical characteristics and behaviours 70 which greatly inhibits aggression and enables unfamiliar bonobos to freely mingle and cooperate with each other 71 males engage in lengthy friendships with females and in turn female bonobos prefer to associate with and mate with males who are respectful and easygoing around them because female bonobos can use alliances to rebuff coercive and domineering males and select males at their own leisure they show preference for males who are not aggressive towards them 72 aging bonobos lose their playful streak and become noticeably more irritable in old age both sexes have a similar level of aggressiveness 73 bonobos live in a male philopatric society where the females immigrate to new communities while males remain in their natal troop however it is not entirely unheard of for males to occasionally transfer into new groups 74 additionally females with powerful mothers may remain in their natal clan 75 alliances between males are poorly developed in most bonobo communities while females will form alliances with each other and alliances between males and females occur including multisex hunting parties 76 there is a confirmed case of a grown male bonobo adopting his orphaned infant brother 77 a mother bonobo will also support her grown son in conflicts with other males and help him secure better ties with other females enhancing her chance of gaining grandchildren from him 78 she will even take measures such as physical intervention to prevent other males from breeding with certain females she wants her son to mate with 79 although mothers play a role in aiding their sons and the hierarchy among males is largely reflected by their mother s social status some motherless males will still successfully dominate some males who do have mothers 80 female bonobos have also been observed fostering infants from outside their established community 81 82 bonobos are not known to kill each other and are generally less violent than chimpanzees yet aggression still manifests itself in this species although female bonobos dominate males and selectively mate with males who do not exhibit aggression toward them competition between the males themselves is intense and high ranking males secure more matings than low ranking ones 83 indeed the size difference between males and females is more pronounced in bonobos than it is in chimpanzees as male bonobos do not form alliances and therefore have little incentive to hold back when fighting for access to females 84 male bonobos are known to attack each other and inflict serious injuries such as missing digits damaged eyes and torn ears some of these injuries may also occur when a male threatens the high ranking females and is injured by them as the larger male is swarmed and outnumbered by a female mob 85 because of the promiscuous mating behaviour of female bonobos a male cannot be sure which offspring are his as a result the entirety of parental care in bonobos is assumed by the mothers 86 however bonobos are not as promiscuous as chimpanzees and slightly polygamous tendencies occur with high ranking males enjoying greater reproductive success than low ranking males unlike chimpanzees where any male can coerce a female into mating with him female bonobos enjoy greater sexual preferences and can rebuff undesirable males an advantage of female female bonding and actively seek out higher ranking males 87 bonobo party size tends to vary because the groups exhibit a fission fusion pattern a community of approximately 100 will split into small groups during the day while looking for food and then will come back together to sleep they sleep in nests that they construct in trees female bonobos more often than not secure feeding privileges and feed before males do and although they are rarely successful in one on one confrontations with males a female bonobo with several allies supporting her has extremely high success in monopolizing food sources 58 different communities favour different prey in some communities females exclusively hunt and have a preference for rodents in others both sexes hunt and will target monkeys 88 in captive settings females exhibit extreme food based aggression towards males and forge coalitions against them to monopolize specific food items often going as far as to mutilate any males who fail to heed their warning 68 in wild settings however female bonobos will quietly ask males for food if they had gotten it first instead of forcibly confiscating it suggesting sex based hierarchy roles are less rigid than in captive colonies 89 female bonobos are known to lead hunts on duikers and successfully defend their bounty from marauding males in the wild they are more tolerant of younger males pestering them yet exhibit heightened aggression towards older males 90 in a study published in november 2023 scientists reported for the first time evidence that groups of primates particularly bonobos are capable of cooperating with each other 91 92 researchers observed unprecedented cooperation between two distinct bonobo groups in the congo s kokolopori bonobo reserve ekalakala and kokoalongo challenging traditional notions of ape societies over two years of observation researchers witnessed 95 encounters between the groups contrary to expectations these interactions resembled those within a single group during these encounters the bonobos engaged in behaviours such as grooming food sharing and collective defense against threats like snakes notably the two groups while displaying cooperative tendencies maintained distinct identities and there was no evidence of interbreeding or a blending of cultures the cooperation observed was not arbitrary but evolved through individual bonds formed by exchanging favors and gifts some bonobos even formed alliances to target a third individual demonstrating a nuanced social dynamic within the groups 91 92 sociosexual behaviour see also animal sexual behaviour genital genital rubbing and homosexual behavior in animals bonobos bonobos mating jacksonville zoo and gardens sexual activity generally plays a major role in bonobo society being used as what some scientists perceive as a greeting a means of forming social bonds a means of conflict resolution and postconflict reconciliation 93 94 bonobos are the only non human animal to have been observed engaging in tongue kissing 95 bonobos and humans are the only primates to typically engage in face to face genital sex although a pair of western gorillas has also been photographed in this position 96 bonobos do not form permanent monogamous sexual relationships with individual partners they also do not seem to discriminate in their sexual behaviour by sex or age with the possible exception of abstaining from sexual activity between mothers and their adult sons when bonobos come upon a new food source or feeding ground the increased excitement will usually lead to communal sexual activity presumably decreasing tension and encouraging peaceful feeding 97 more often than the males female bonobos engage in mutual genital rubbing behaviour possibly to bond socially with each other thus forming a female nucleus of bonobo society the bonding among females enables them to dominate most of the males 97 adolescent females often leave their native community to join another community this migration mixes the bonobo gene pools providing genetic diversity sexual bonding with other females establishes these new females as members of the group bonobo clitorises are larger and more externalized than in most mammals 98 while the weight of a young adolescent female bonobo is maybe half that of a human teenager she has a clitoris that is three times bigger than the human equivalent and visible enough to waggle unmistakably as she walks 99 in scientific literature the female female behavior of bonobos pressing vulvas together is often referred to as genito genital gg rubbing 97 100 this sexual activity happens within the immediate female bonobo community and sometimes outside of it ethologist jonathan balcombe stated that female bonobos rub their clitorises together rapidly for ten to twenty seconds and this behaviour which may be repeated in rapid succession is usually accompanied by grinding shrieking and clitoral engorgement he added that it is estimated that they engage in this practice about once every two hours on average 98 as bonobos occasionally copulate face to face 101 evolutionary biologist marlene zuk has suggested that the position of the clitoris in bonobos and some other primates has evolved to maximize stimulation during sexual intercourse 98 the position of the clitoris may alternatively permit gg rubbings which has been hypothesized to function as a means for female bonobos to evaluate their intrasocial relationships 102 group of bonobos bonobo males engage in various forms of male male genital behavior 97 103 the most common form of male male mounting is similar to that of a heterosexual mounting one of the males sits passively on his back with the other male thrusting on him with the penises rubbing together because of both males erections 47 in another rarer form of genital rubbing two bonobo males hang from a tree limb face to face while penis fencing 97 104 this also may occur when two males rub their penises together while in face to face position another form of genital interaction rump rubbing often occurs to express reconciliation between two males after a conflict when they stand back to back and rub their scrotal sacs together but such behaviour also occurs outside agonistic contexts kitamura 1989 observed rump rump contacts between adult males following sexual solicitation behaviours similar to those between female bonobos prior to gg rubbing 105 takayoshi kano observed similar practices among bonobos in the natural habitat tongue kissing oral sex and genital massaging have also been recorded among male bonobos 106 47 wild females give birth for the first time at 13 or 14 years of age 107 bonobo reproductive rates are no higher than those of the common chimpanzee 97 however female bonobo oestrus periods are longer 108 during oestrus females undergo a swelling of the perineal tissue lasting 10 to 20 days the gestation period is on average 240 days postpartum amenorrhea absence of menstruation lasts less than one year and a female may resume external signs of oestrus within a year of giving birth though the female is probably not fertile at this point female bonobos carry and nurse their young for four years and give birth on average every 4 6 years 109 compared to common chimpanzees bonobo females resume the genital swelling cycle much sooner after giving birth enabling them to rejoin the sexual activities of their society also bonobo females which are sterile or too young to reproduce still engage in sexual activity mothers will help their sons get more matings from females in oestrus 68 adult male bonobos have sex with infants 110 although without penetration 111 adult females also have sex with infants but less frequently infants are not passive participants they quite often initiate contacts with both adult males and females as well as with peers 110 they have also been shown to be sexually active even in the absence of any stimulation or learning from adults 112 infanticide while well documented in chimpanzees is apparently absent in bonobo society 113 although infanticide has not been directly observed there have been documented cases of both female 114 and male 115 bonobos kidnapping infants sometimes resulting in infants dying from dehydration although male bonobos have not yet been seen to practice infanticide there is a documented incident in captivity involving a dominant female abducting an infant from a lower ranking female treating the infant roughly and denying it the chance to suckle during the kidnapping the infant s mother was clearly distressed and tried to retrieve her infant had the zookeepers not intervened the infant almost certainly would have died from dehydration this suggests female bonobos can have hostile rivalries with each other and a propensity to carry out infanticide 85 the highly sexual nature of bonobo society and the fact that there is little competition over mates means that many males and females are mating with each other in contrast to the one dominant male chimpanzee that fathers most of the offspring in a group 116 the strategy of bonobo females mating with many males may be a counterstrategy to infanticide because it confuses paternity if male bonobos cannot distinguish their own offspring from others the incentive for infanticide essentially disappears 113 this is a reproductive strategy that seems specific to bonobos infanticide is observed in all other great apes except orangutans 117 bonobos engage in sexual activity numerous times a day 118 it is unknown how the bonobo avoids simian immunodeficiency virus siv and its effects 119 peacefulness bonobo pan paniscus mother and infant at lola ya bonobo observations in the wild indicate that the males among the related common chimpanzee communities are hostile to males from outside the community parties of males patrol for the neighboring males that might be traveling alone and attack those single males often killing them 120 this does not appear to be the behaviour of bonobo males or females which seem to prefer sexual contact over violent confrontation with outsiders 94 while bonobos are more peaceful than chimpanzees it is not true that they are unaggressive 121 in the wild among males bonobos are more aggressive than chimpanzees having higher rates of aggressive acts about three times as much although male chimpanzees are more likely to be aggressive to a lethal degree than male bonobos which are more likely to engage in more frequent yet less intense squabbling there is also more female to male aggression with bonobos than there is with chimpanzees 122 54 female bonobos are also more aggressive than female chimpanzees in general both bonobos and chimpanzees exhibit physical aggression more than 100 times as often as humans do 121 grooming reinforcement of social links although referred to as peaceful bonobo aggression is n...