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nt of helium 269 c 4 2 k by reducing the pressure of the liquid helium he achieved a temperature near 1 5 k this was the lowest temperature recorded on earth at the time the equipment employed is at the museum boerhaave in leiden kamerlingh onnes received widespread recognition for this work including the 1913 nobel prize in physics for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led inter alia to the production of liquid helium 7 for further research on low temperature kamerlingh onnes needed large amounts of helium this he obtained in 1911 from welsbach s company which processed thorianite to produce thorium for gas mantles helium is produced as a side product previously he obtained helium from processing monazite and used the processed monazite which still contained thorium to trade for the helium on earth helium is usually found in coexistence with radioactive material since it is a product of radioactive decay 8 discovery of superconductivity edit in 1911 kamerlingh onnes measured the electrical conductivity of pure metals mercury and later tin and lead at very low temperatures some scientists such as lord kelvin believed that electrons flowing through a conductor would come to a complete halt or in other words metal resistivity would become infinitely large at absolute zero others including kamerlingh onnes felt that a conductor s electrical resistance would steadily decrease and drop to nil augustus matthiessen said that when the temperature decreases the metal conductivity usually improves or in other words the electrical resistivity usually decreases with a decrease of temperature 9 10 on 8 april 1911 kamerlingh onnes found that at 3 6 k the resistance in a solid mercury wire immersed in liquid helium suddenly vanished he immediately realized the significance of the discovery as became clear when his notebook was deciphered a century later 11 he reported that mercury has passed into a new state which on account of its extraordinary electrical properties may be called the superconductive state he published more articles about the phenomenon initially referring to it as supraconductivity and later adopting the modern day term superconductivity on the same day he noted that just before the lowest temperature about 1 8 k was reached the boiling suddenly stopped and was replaced by evaporation in which liquid visibly shrank which was the first observation of superfluidity of the surrounding helium bath 12 family edit in 1887 kamerlingh onnes married maria adriana wilhelmina elisabeth bijleveld with whom he had one child named albert his brother menso kamerlingh onnes 1860 1925 was a painter and the father of another painter harm kamerlingh onnes their sister jenny married floris verster 1861 1927 also a painter citation needed recognition edit memberships edit year organization type ref 1883 royal netherlands academy of arts and sciences member 13 1914 american philosophical society international member 14 1916 royal society foreign member 15 1920 national academy of sciences international member 16 1925 french academy of sciences foreign associate 17 awards edit year organization award citation ref 1910 accademia dei xl matteucci medal 18 1912 royal society rumford medal on the ground of his researches at low temperatures 19 1913 royal swedish academy of sciences nobel prize in physics for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led inter alia to the production of liquid helium 7 1915 franklin institute franklin medal 20 commemoration edit some of the instruments kamerlingh onnes devised for his experiments can be seen at the boerhaave museum in leiden the apparatus he used to first liquefy helium is on display in the lobby of the physics department at leiden university where the low temperature lab is also named in his honor his student and successor as director of the lab willem hendrik keesom was the first person who was able to solidify helium in 1926 the former kamerlingh onnes laboratory building is currently the law faculty at leiden university and is known as kamerlingh onnes gebouw kamerlingh onnes building often shortened to kog the current science faculty has a kamerlingh onnes laboratorium named after him as well as a plaque and several machines used by kamerling onnes in the main hall of the physics department the kamerlingh onnes award 1948 and the kamerlingh onnes prize 2000 were established in his honor recognizing further advances in low temperature science the onnes effect referring to the creeping of superfluid helium is named in his honor kamerlingh onnes crater on the moon is named after him kamerlingh onnes is credited with coining the term enthalpy 21 kamerlingh onnes discovery of superconductivity was named an ieee milestone in 2011 22 selected publications edit kamerlingh onnes h nieuwe bewijzen voor de aswenteling der aarde ph d dissertation groningen netherlands 1879 kamerlingh onnes h algemeene theorie der vloeistoffen amsterdam akad verhandl 21 1881 kamerlingh onnes h on the cryogenic laboratory at leyden and on the production of very low temperature comm phys lab univ leiden 14 1894 kamerlingh onnes h théorie générale de l état fluide haarlem arch neerl 30 1896 kamerlingh onnes h further experiments with liquid helium c on the change of electric resistance of pure metals at very low temperatures etc iv the resistance of pure mercury at helium temperatures comm phys lab univ leiden no 120b 1911 kamerlingh onnes h further experiments with liquid helium d on the change of electric resistance of pure metals at very low temperatures etc v the disappearance of the resistance of mercury comm phys lab univ leiden no 122b 1911 kamerlingh onnes h further experiments with liquid helium g on the electrical resistance of pure metals etc vi on the sudden change in the rate at which the resistance of mercury disappears comm phys lab univ leiden no 124c 1911 kamerlingh onnes h on the lowest temperature yet obtained comm phys lab univ leiden no 159 1922 see also edit timeline of low temperature technology timeline of states of matter and phase transitions coldest temperature achieved on earth list of nobel laureates history of superconductivity references edit 1 2 3 4 5 6 heike kamerlingh onnes mathematics genealogy project north dakota state university retrieved 30 may 2025 sengers johanna levelt how fluids unmix discoveries by the school of van der waals and kamerlingh onnes edita the publishing house of the royal 2002 318 pp van delft dirk 2007 freezing physics heike kamerlingh onnes and the quest for cold edita amsterdam isbn 9069845199 blundell stephen superconductivity a very short introduction oxford university press 1st edition 2009 p 20 1 2 3 heike kamerlingh onnes biographical nobelprize org archived from the original on 9 september 2025 retrieved 24 april 2012 kamerlingh onnes heike 1879 nieuwe bewijzen voor de aswenteling der aarde ph d thesis in dutch wolters kluwer oclc 78310832 1 2 nobel prize in physics 1913 nobelprize org archived from the original on 19 september 2008 retrieved 9 october 2008 van delft dirk 1 march 2008 little cup of helium big science physics today 61 3 36 42 bibcode 2008pht 61c 36v doi 10 1063 1 2897948 issn 0031 9228 matthiessen a von bose m 1862 on the influence of temperature on the electric conducting power of metals philosophical transactions of the royal society of london 152 152 1 27 doi 10 1098 rstl 1862 0001 matthiessen a vogt c 1864 on the influence of temperature on the electric conducting power of alloys philosophical transactions of the royal society of london 154 154 167 200 doi 10 1098 rstl 1864 0004 van delft dirk kes peter september 2010 the discovery of superconductivity pdf physics today 63 9 38 43 bibcode 2010pht 63i 38v doi 10 1063 1 3490499 wysokiński k i 2012 remarks on the first hundred years of superconductivity acta physica polonica a 121 4 721 725 arxiv 1111 5318 bibcode 2012acppa 121 721w doi 10 12693 aphyspola 121 721 heike kamerlingh onnes 1853 1926 royal netherlands academy of arts and sciences archived from the original on 13 june 2024 retrieved 22 july 2015 aps member history american philosophical society archived from the original on 8 november 2023 retrieved 8 november 2023 search results royal society retrieved 23 november 2025 heike onnes national academy of sciences archived from the original on 8 november 2023 retrieved 8 november 2023 les membres de l académie des sciences depuis sa création en 1666 in french french academy of sciences archived from the original on 14 february 2008 retrieved 2 october 2026 medaglie in italian accademia dei xl retrieved 4 november 2025 rumford medal royal society retrieved 19 june 2024 heike kamerlingh onnes franklin institute 15 january 2014 archived from the original on 3 june 2024 retrieved 23 november 2025 howard irmgard 2002 h is for enthalpy thanks to heike kamerlingh onnes and alfred w porter journal of chemical education 79 6 697 bibcode 2002jched 79 697h doi 10 1021 ed079p697 milestones list of ieee milestones ieee global history network ieee retrieved 29 july 2011 further reading edit de bruyn ouboter rudolf march 1997 heike kamerlingh onnes s discovery of superconductivity scientific american 276 3 98 103 bibcode 1997sciam 276c 98d doi 10 1038 scientificamerican0397 98 laesecke arno may june 2002 through measurement to knowledge the inaugural lecture of heike kamerlingh onnes 1882 pdf journal of research of the national institute of standards and technology 107 3 261 277 doi 10 6028 jres 107 021 pmc 4861352 pmid 27446730 archived from the original pdf on 2 october 2006 retrieved 2 october 2006 reif acherman simón june 2004 heike kamerlingh onnes master of experimental technique and quantitative research physics in perspective 6 2 197 223 bibcode 2004php 6 197r doi 10 1007 s00016 003 0193 8 s2cid 123292956 delft dirk van jackson beverley 2007 freezing physics heike kamerlingh onnes and the quest for cold pdf amsterdam koninklijke nederlandse akademie van wetenschappen isbn 978 90 6984 519 7 levelt sengers j m h how fluids unmix discoveries by the school of van der waals and kamerlingh onnes amsterdam koninklijke nederlandse akademie van wetenschappen 2002 isbn 90 6984 357 9 onnes heike kamerlingh 1991 gavroglu kostas goudaroulis yorgos eds through measurement to knowledge the selected papers of heike kamerlingh onnes 1853 1926 dordrecht springer isbn 0 7923 0825 5 international institute of refrigeration first international commission rapports et communications issus du laboratoire kamerlingh onnes international congress of refrigeration 7th 1936 la hauge amsterdam 1936 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to heike kamerlingh onnes listen to this article 15 minutes this audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 28 january 2016 2016 01 28 and does not reflect subsequent edits audio help more spoken articles heike kamerlingh onnes on nobelprize org about heike kamerlingh onnes nobel winners com j van den handel kamerlingh onnes heike 1853 1926 in biografisch woordenboek van nederland in dutch leiden university historical web site correspondence with james dewar the main competitor in the race to liquid helium communications from the kamerlingh onnes laboratory 1885 1898 ph d students of kamerlingh onnes 1885 1924 v t e laureates of the nobel prize in physics 1901 1925 1901 röntgen 1902 lorentz zeeman 1903 becquerel p curie m curie 1904 rayleigh 1905 lenard 1906 j j thomson 1907 michelson 1908 lippmann 1909 marconi braun 1910 van der waals 1911 wien 1912 dalén 1913 kamerlingh onnes 1914 laue 1915 w l bragg w h bragg 1916 1917 barkla 1918 planck 1919 stark 1920 guillaume 1921 einstein 1922 n bohr 1923 millikan 1924 m siegbahn 1925 franck hertz 1926 1950 1926 perrin 1927 compton c wilson 1928 o richardson 1929 de broglie 1930 raman 1931 1932 heisenberg 1933 schrödinger dirac 1934 1935 chadwick 1936 hess c d anderson 1937 davisson g p thomson 1938 fermi 1939 lawrence 1940 1941 1942 1943 stern 1944 rabi 1945 pauli 1946 bridgman 1947 appleton 1948 blackett 1949 yukawa 1950 powell 1951 1975 1951 cockcroft walton 1952 bloch purcell 1953 zernike 1954 born bothe 1955 lamb kusch 1956 shockley bardeen brattain 1957 c n yang t d lee 1958 cherenkov frank tamm 1959 segrè chamberlain 1960 glaser 1961 hofstadter mössbauer 1962 landau 1963 wigner goeppert mayer jensen 1964 townes basov prokhorov 1965 tomonaga schwinger feynman 1966 kastler 1967 bethe 1968 alvarez 1969 gell mann 1970 alfvén néel 1971 gabor 1972 bardeen cooper schrieffer 1973 esaki giaever josephson 1974 ryle hewish 1975 a bohr mottelson rainwater 1976 2000 1976 richter ting 1977 p w anderson mott van vleck 1978 kapitsa penzias r wilson 1979 glashow salam weinberg 1980 cronin fitch 1981 bloembergen schawlow k siegbahn 1982 k wilson 1983 chandrasekhar fowler 1984 rubbia van der meer 1985 von klitzing 1986 ruska binnig rohrer 1987 bednorz müller 1988 lederman schwartz steinberger 1989 ramsey dehmelt paul 1990 friedman kendall r taylor 1991 de gennes 1992 charpak 1993 hulse j taylor 1994 brockhouse shull 1995 perl reines 1996 d lee osheroff r richardson 1997 chu cohen tannoudji phillips 1998 laughlin störmer tsui 1999 t hooft veltman 2000 alferov kroemer kilby 2001 2025 2001 cornell ketterle wieman 2002 davis koshiba giacconi 2003 abrikosov ginzburg leggett 2004 gross politzer wilczek 2005 glauber hall hänsch 2006 mather smoot 2007 fert grünberg 2008 nambu makoto kobayashi maskawa 2009 kao boyle smith 2010 geim novoselov 2011 perlmutter schmidt riess 2012 wineland haroche 2013 englert higgs 2014 akasaki amano nakamura 2015 kajita mcdonald 2016 thouless haldane kosterlitz 2017 weiss barish thorne 2018 ashkin mourou strickland 2019 peebles mayor queloz 2020 penrose genzel ghez 2021 parisi hasselmann manabe 2022 aspect clauser zeilinger 2023 agostini krausz l huillier 2024 hopfield hinton 2025 clarke devoret martinis 2026 present 2026 halzen v t e 1913 nobel prize laureates chemistry alfred werner switzerland literature 1913 rabindranath tagore india peace henri la fontaine belgium physics heike kamerlingh onnes netherlands physiology or medicine charles richet france nobel prize recipients 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 v t e nobel prize laureates from the netherlands chemistry jacobus henricus van t hoff 1901 peter debye 1936 paul j crutzen 1995 ben feringa 2017 economic sciences jan tinbergen 1969 tjalling koopmans 1975 peace tobias asser 1911 physics pieter zeeman 1902 hendrik lorentz 1902 johannes diderik van der waals 1910 heike kamerlingh onnes 1913 frits zernike 1953 nicolaas bloembergen 1981 simon van der meer 1984 martinus j g veltman 1999 gerard t hooft 1999 andre geim 2010 physiology or medicine willem einthoven 1924 christiaan eijkman 1929 nikolaas tinbergen 1973 authority control databases international isni viaf gnd fast worldcat national united states france bnf data italy czech republic netherland...