Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

and, humanoid, robot, contents, applications, sensors, actuators, planning, control, timeline, of, developments, in, science, fiction, criticism, see, also, references, further, reading, external, links, medical, research, entertainment, demonstrative, proprioceptive, exteroceptive, electric, hydraulic, pneumatic, citations, sources,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (315), and (245), robot (208), #humanoid (190), robots (131), retrieved (99), robotics (95), for (72), from (66), with (58), november (51), human (50), 2026 (44), first (42), original (41), 2025 (40), archived (39), developed (36), control (32), are (30), may (29), science (29), 2021 (29), its (28), that (28), isbn (27), july (26), world (26), was (25), edit (25), doi (25), 2024 (23), research (23), list (22), june (22), university (22), sensors (22), can (22), actuators (22), october (21), they (21), com (19), autonomous (18), january (18), september (17), ieee (17), biped (17), used (17), other (16), also (16), new (16), artificial (15), planning (15), electric (15), 978 (15), 2016 (15), atlas (14), walking (14), april (14), honda (14), their (14), use (13), march (13), open (13), has (13), bipedal (13), fiction (13), have (13), 2010 (13), head (13), humans (13), such (13), which (13), robotic (12), technology (12), applications (12), not (12), china (12), 2015 (12), december (12), 2018 (12), pal (12), designed (12), nasa (12), august (11), industrial (11), vision (11), vehicle (11), android (11), february (11), advanced (11), 2006 (11), 2005 (11), intelligence (10), social (10), digit (10), asimo (10), motion (10), service (10), 2008 (10), intelligent (10), during (10), version (10), 2020 (10), 2012 (10), one (10), mobile (9), using (9), source (9), space (9), system (9), model (9), mit (9), 2019 (9), company (9), 2023 (9), computer (9), could (9), waseda (9), had (9), body (9), between (9), wikipedia (8), this (8), page (8), androids (8), underwater (8), tesla (8), unitree (8), optimus (8), work (8), technologies (8), unmanned (8), series (8), 2009 (8), international (8), press (8), www (8), popular (8), institute (8), 2011 (8), size (8), events (8), center (8), hydraulic (8), perform (8), built (8), arms (8), japanese (7), org (7), types (7), hand (7), entertainment (7), domestic (7), valkyrie (7), hrp (7), agility (7), boston (7), dynamics (7), systems (7), locomotion (7), hall (7), reem (7), 2022 (7), like (7), some (7), these (7), two (7), 1007 (7), help (7), most (7), information (7), being (7), made (7), pneumatic (7), move (7), toggle (6), articles (6), all (6), fictional (6), icub (6), aerial (6), medical (6), dji (6), neo (6), sophia (6), figure (6), ameca (6), agibot (6), general (6), anthropomorphic (6), history (6), main (6), hoap (6), times (6), how (6), live (6), 2004 (6), proceedings (6), conference (6), based (6), future (6), home (6), after (6), indian (6), spectrum (6), platform (6), what (6), dlr (6), 2007 (6), machine (6), 319 (6), wabot (6), position (6), more (6), humanoids (6), created (6), theme (6), uses (6), his (6), been (6), languages (5), contact (5), about (5), chinese (5), related (5), wakamaru (5), create (5), 136 (5), ground (5), delivery (5), vehicles (5), qrio (5), powered (5), interaction (5), algorithms (5), navigation (5), gynoid (5), surface (5), geminoid (5), shalu (5), torso (5), man (5), small (5), people (5), 2013 (5), design (5), your (5), 1995 (5), 262 (5), 1986 (5), able (5), video (5), 100 (5), unveils (5), boxing (5), guide (5), full (5), pdf (5), person (5), development (5), active (5), line (5), dynamic (5), league (5), word (5), data (5), three (5), than (5), public (5), objects (5), realistic (5), capabilities (5), out (5), walk (5), were (5), prosthesis (5), example (5), tools (5), contents (4), search (4), view (4), commons (4), language (4), physical (4), educational (4), long (4), global (4), runner (4), universal (4), surgical (4), vyommitra (4), topio (4), pepper (4), historical (4), technological (4), arm (4), spacecraft (4), laws (4), remote (4), see (4), beijing (4), upper (4), wheeled (4), nadine (4), media (4), legged (4), learn (4), links (4), own (4), projects (4), journal (4), 1998 (4), issn (4), having (4), films (4), gatsby (4), completed (4), engineering (4), factory (4), handling (4), meet (4), face (4), 2017 (4), talos (4), society (4), india (4), field (4), vol (4), wide (4), personal (4), group (4), time (4), eye (4), wabian (4), part (4), manipulators (4), 1109 (4), communication (4), khatib (4), degrees (4), freedom (4), 007 (4), balance (4), second (4), engineai (4), festival (4), match (4), play (4), exhibition (4), games (4), arts (4), many (4), beings (4), while (4), force (4), film (4), announced (4), unveiled (4), mimic (4), point (4), weight (4), ltd (4), joint (4), torque (4), hands (4), teams (4), various (4), motors (4), according (4), year (4), lab (4), speech (4), provide (4), only (4), measure (4), environments (4), motions (4), produce (4), power (4), proprioceptive (4), purposes (4), hide (4), sidebar (4), subsection (4), table (3), safety (3), text (3), available (3), non (3), wikimedia (3), categories (3), category (3), wikidata (3), sources (3), citations (3), short (3), different (3), inventions (3), laboratories (3), companies (3), roboticists (3), salvius (3), military (3), shape (3), amazon (3), logistics (3), star (3), agricultural (3), waymo (3), self (3), surena (3), robonaut (3), nao (3), hubo (3), software (3), exoskeleton (3), engine (3), automation (3), actuator (3), remotely (3), operated (3), companion (3), competitions (3), controlled (3), auv (3), combat (3), ever (3), actroid (3), half (3), marathon (3), justin (3), elektro (3), rashmi (3), philip (3), mahru (3), kobian (3), sized (3), zero (3), external (3), build (3), lee (3), form (3), emotion (3), springer (3), further (3), approach (3), prentice (3), tactile (3), sensing (3), mechanics (3), analysis (3), uncanny (3), valley (3), sex (3), bad (3), magazine (3), them (3), acm (3), blade (3), enthiran (3), news (3), consumer (3), cleaning (3), online (3), agile (3), aidol (3), debut (3), prototype (3), launch (3), techcrunch (3), revealed (3), speak (3), mission (3), will (3), customer (3), stanford (3), good (3), printed (3), training (3), mechatronics (3), toro (3), 2014 (3), nimbro (3), robocup (3), eduard (3), gamonal (3), yet (3), overview (3), real (3), aldebaran (3), kokoro (3), 1997 (3), bibcode (3), camera (3), hashimoto (3), hadaly (3), san (3), greenman (3), vukobratović (3), 1969 (3), experimental (3), united (3), states (3), cybernetics (3), asimov (3), better (3), solution (3), scale (3), whole (3), high (3), study (3), environment (3), 418 (3), technical (3), oussama (3), 1016 (3), upgraded (3), problems (3), mma (3), t800 (3), moment (3), spring (3), gala (3), music (3), football (3), disney (3), references (3), complex (3), performing (3), same (3), but (3), term (3), female (3), another (3), whether (3), constructed (3), called (3), common (3), include (3), presented (3), doing (3), over (3), tasks (3), playing (3), released (3), range (3), introduced (3), electrical (3), each (3), missions (3), top (3), german (3), generation (3), demonstrate (3), along (3), national (3), collaboration (3), shows (3), ability (3), carry (3), through (3), programmable (3), tokyo (3), 2003 (3), manufacturing (3), muscle (3), mechanical (3), limbs (3), read (3), eyes (3), leg (3), 1972 (3), article (3), process (3), however (3), single (3), orientation (3), opening (3), matches (3), performers (3), appearance (3), conduct (2), privacy (2), policy (2), under (2), terms (2), inc (2), last (2), link (2), specifically (2), marked (2), weasel (2), worded (2), phrases (2), cs1 (2), russian (2), date (2), description (2), https (2), index (2), quadcopters (2), alpha (2), prostheses (2), kismet (2), hitchbot (2), irobot (2), bioloid (2), yutu (2), lunokhod (2), uuv (2), hermes (2), bayraktar (2), packbot (2), assistive (2), limb (2), exoskeletons (2), battlefield (2), extraction (2), assist (2), starship (2), air (2), mini (2), flying (2), workplace (2), robomow (2), zoox (2), driving (2), toyota (2), partner (2), petman (2), kirobo (2), inmoov (2), fedor (2), eve (2), unimate (2), outline (2), tech (2), kuka (2), paradigms (2), network (2), action (2), guided (2), visual (2), mapping (2), end (2), components (2), climbing (2), hexapod (2), nanorobotics (2), microbotics (2), soft (2), beam (2), disability (2), animatronics (2), automaton (2), aerobot (2), fame (2), radio (2), animal (2), uncrewed (2), cyborgs (2), gynoids (2), town (2), guroo (2), robert (2), dick (2), george (2), eric (2), don (2), cog (2), xianxingzhe (2), murata (2), robosapien (2), khr (2), wiley (2), 118 (2), modeling (2), karl (2), affordable (2), electronics (2), 142274 (2), carpenter (2), davis (2), erwin (2), stewart (2), bransford (2), vye (2), function (2), user (2), hong (2), kong (2), special (2), issue (2), reading (2), russell (2), modern (2), 1990 (2), peters (2), introduction (2), mason (2), behavior (2), zeitschrift (2), für (2), washington (2), post (2), really (2), says (2), conscious (2), bbc (2), focus (2), make (2), won (2), forcing (2), slavery (2), held (2), review (2), 1145 (2), replicants (2), behindwoods (2), tamil (2), rajinikanth (2), aishwarya (2), rai (2), shankar (2), philipp (2), transactions (2), performs (2), munich (2), revolution (2), york (2), record (2), walks (2), suzhou (2), shanghai (2), days (2), moscow (2), techman (2), watch (2), now (2), degeurin (2), mack (2), tennis (2), roboticstomorrow (2), introduces (2), gen (2), forbes (2), show (2), jagran (2), limited (2), teacher (2), develops (2), foreign (2), gaganyaan (2), ford (2), syscom (2), smart (2), city (2), shipwreck (2), political (2), rights (2), market (2), business (2), emotions (2), memory (2), magnenat (2), thalmann (2), agents (2), manav (2), massachusetts (2), mars (2), trials (2), poppy (2), ras (2), chapter (2), michael (2), behnke (2), sven (2), teensize (2), notes (2), 662 (2), darwin (2), guizzo (2), erico (2), iran (2), yumpu (2), edition (2), meka (2), der (2), twendy (2), ping (2), pong (2), movements (2), pkd (2), dreams (2), johnnie (2), xvi (2), materials (2), coordination (2), kobayashi (2), takanishi (2), sugano (2), morita (2), yamamoto (2), 2002 (2), diego (2), 1983 (2), marc (2), raibert (2), whitney (2), resolved (2), rate (2), google (2), 130 (2), mechanisms (2), cite (2), wiener (2), norbert (2), 1961 (2), 1948 (2), scientific (2), american (2), 1939 (2), fell (2), back (2), life (2), megagiant (2), nikola (2), here (2), stay (2), down (2), production (2), tracts (2), 116 (2), 7194 (2), reference (2), huang (2), 125 (2), pmid (2), pmc (2), 3389 (2), frontiers (2), collision (2), avoidance (2), potential (2), inspired (2), path (2), 425 (2), zhao (2), integrated (2), associated (2), 124 (2), biomechanics (2), 247 (2), shadow (2), content (2), electronic (2), sensor (2), working (2), gravity (2), royal (2), ear (2), hosts (2), competition (2), fight (2), darpa (2), ultimate (2), legend (2), south (2), wars (2), without (2), sports (2), kick (2), nunchucks (2), dancing (2), off (2), daily (2), hip (2), hop (2), martial (2), imagineering (2), stunt (2), doubles (2), stuntronics (2), kondo (2), running (2), groups (2), advance (2), biological (2), considered (2), kinds (2), present (2), akin (2), issues (2), unease (2), who (2), criticism (2), theoretical (2), isaac (2), should (2), closely (2), essentially (2), depicted (2), where (2), showed (2), lightning (2), event (2), few (2), xplore (2), taiwan (2), mass (2), supported (2), 500 (2), units (2), would (2), researchers (2), movement (2), actions (2), higher (2), demonstration (2), engineered (2), recognize (2), give (2), multilingual (2), motor (2), launches (2), fully (2), payload (2), assistance (2), team (2), professor (2), oceanone (2), france (2), hanson (2), modelled (2), processing (2), facial (2), recognition (2), makes (2), laboratory (2), set (2), institutes (2), primary (2), objective (2), capable (2), legs (2), million (2), cash (2), prize (2), possible (2), score (2), aerospace (2), semi (2), base (2), voice (2), dancers (2), very (2), intended (2), project (2), talk (2), characteristics (2), height (2), korea (2), chess (2), widely (2), image (2), elderly (2), conjunction (2), skin (2), realize (2), stable (2), commercial (2), sony (2), creates (2), bridgestone (2), simulate (2), catch (2), cost (2), light (2), low (2), saika (2), dof (2), several (2), until (2), subsystem (2), toward (2), 1993 (2), structure (2), done (2), 1991 (2), whl (2), turn (2), communicate (2), associates (2), cameras (2), mounted (2), 1967 (2), ears (2), formulates (2), basis (2), london (2), maschinenmensch (2), appear (2), czech (2), meaning (2), timeline (2), developments (2), therefore (2), task (2), although (2), complexity (2), proper (2), given (2), order (2), interact (2), allow (2), must (2), maintain (2), current (2), trajectories (2), actual (2), similar (2), since (2), important (2), operate (2), though (2), joints (2), any (2), device (2), tactels (2), transferred (2), exteroceptive (2), velocity (2), calculated (2), even (2), speed (2), examples (2), skills (2), dangerous (2), demonstrative (2), including (2), featured (2), competed (2), develop (2), appeared (2), choreographed (2), alongside (2), parks (2), performed (2), ceremony (2), characters (2), free (2), orthosis (2), refer (2), upload (2), file (2), changes (2), english (2), log (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, legal, contacts, disclaimers, additional, apply, site, you, agree, registered, trademark, profit, organization, foundation, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, edited, utc, hidden, containing, min, nan, needing, number, errors, mdy, dates, php, title, humanoid_robot, oldid, 1374640717, journals, vaimos, terabot, skycam, robotuna, roboboa, biomimetic, michelangelo, bebionic, pleo, paro, jibo, tilr, ivananywhere, double, telepresence, turtlebot, thymio, openrov, puck, arducopter, platforms, lego, mindstorms, khepera, hero, boe, bot, zhurong, spirit, sojourner, pragyan, perseverance, opportunity, ingenuity, curiosity, cimon, planetary, sentry, remus, nereus, kaikō, jason, boaty, mcboatface, autosub, marine, poseidon, orca, knifefish, hui, class, bluefin, 47b, switchblade, shahed, scaneagle, okhotnik, hawk, blackjack, 170, sentinel, raven, stingray, avenger, reaper, triton, gray, eagle, predator, heron, 900, 450, harop, black, hornet, nano, tb2, akıncı, swords, talon, marcbot, guardium, dragon, daksh, crusher, security, platypus, x12, crane, wasp, bod2, printing, rewalk, indego, load, carrier, hybrid, disaster, response, zeus, vinci, cyberknife, scout, delfly, utility, zipline, wingcopter, prime, drones, zano, stm, kargu, skydio, parrot, drone, intel, shooting, gopro, karma, phantom, mavic, inspire, avata, crazyflie, titan, farmbot, taurob, inspector, tally, stretch, sawyer, puma, hercules, baxter, scooba, roomba, looj, braava, spot, littledog, cheetah, bigdog, anymal, aibo, quadrupedal, ojai, robotaxi, cybercab, shakey, freddy, elmer, elsie, pioneering, moravec, paradox, terrainability, unemployment, vest, critique, welltec, white, box, fastbrick, neura, ubtech, roborock, deep, yaskawa, wolf, symbotic, stäubli, rainbow, intuitive, honeybee, hyundai, harvest, fourier, foster, miller, fanuc, farmwise, energid, doosan, daxbot, barrett, anybots, abb, ubiquitous, situated, perceptual, developmental, adaptable, suite, simulator, kits, evolutionary, neural, reinforcement, learning, odometry, simultaneous, localization, manipulator, effector, fins, unicycle, tracks, fish, telerobotics, swarm, probe, necrobotics, continuum, cloud, biorobotics, classifications, retail, food, juggling, articulated, audio, animatronic, claytronics, cyborg, ethics, geography, glossary, rescue, telescope, spaceflights, iss, cargo, orbiters, program, probes, usv, glider, rouv, intervention, automatic, train, operation, ato, car, automated, agv, ugv, ornithopter, helicam, ucav, uav, babies, children, ibn, sina, male, repliee, q1expo, meinü, fetishism, phobot, modulus, leachim, bina48, telenoid, mindar, geoff, peterson, gakutensoku, domo, bear, tracked, dio, seropi, sanbot, mitra, sobot, han, enon, emiew, buddharoid, land, walker, big, rubot, roboty, monk, xian, szeged, ribo, pm01, musa, ahra, leonardo, isaacrobot, inkha, indro, gabi, cuco, guapo, cosmobot, 4ne1, porton, omnibot, boy, girl, flame, archie, medium, ropid, plen, pino, mirata, femisapien, coco, african, ulrich, hottelet, albert, happy, jobs, japan, bessonnet, guy, abba, gabriel, aoustin, yannick, eds, iste, 62297, synthesis, chevallereau, christine, williams, amazing, mcgraw, hill, tab, invisible, machinery, expectations, 6th, gender, representation, 261, 265, netherlands, norvig, 790395, 781592, poole, mackworth, goebel, computational, logical, oxford, 510270, kortenkamp, bonasso, murphy, 61137, everett, theory, application, 56881, 048, craig, addison, wesley, 201, 09528, horn, berthold, 08159, brady, hollerbach, johnson, lozano, perez, 1982, 02182, arkin, ronald, 01165, asada, slotine, 471, 83029, mara, martina, appel, markus, gnambs, timo, 2190, 8370, 1027, 2151, 2604, a000486, 230, psychologie, meta, responses, godspeed, scales, moyer, 0190, 8286, campaign, against, atlantic, chiang, ted, bentley, peter, lennart, supply, chain, management, value, limitations, warehouse, dictionary, chin, chang, macdorman, pramono, dwi, glm, mds, isomap, ratings, 176, 60558, 017, 1349822, 1349845, 169, 3rd, boissoneault, lorraine, smithsonian, descartes, locke, thoughts, facts, visitor, coloumn, endhiran, rahman, sci, thriller, bachchan, danny, denzongpa, sun, pictures, utopia, mubin, omar, wadibhasme, kewal, jordan, obaid, mohammad, reflecting, presence, computing, literature, 3303706, knutsson, kurt, fox, dixit, mrigakshi, interesting, client, bünte, oliver, heise, showcases, müller, franziska, impress, chancellor, merz, expects, euronews, гуманоидные, роботы, впечатлили, канцлера, мерца, ждет, новой, промышленной, революции, hassan, adeel, 0362, 4331, races, finish, wion, humanoidsdaily, russia, takes, tumble, 1xtech, introducing, tao, mai, roboticsandautomationnews, aims, thefirmo, longer, already, floor, salas, joe, front, flippin, mcclure, bob, spanx, learned, observing, agent, avatar, demaitre, eugene, report, debuts, weatherbed, jess, verge, swiveling, shifting, nightmare, edwards, benj, ars, technica, latest, demo, heater, brian, ces, josh, prakashan, turns, innovator, talking, isro, send, korosec, kirsten, sale, hindustan, ranchi, targeted, kao, meryl, taipei, demos, expo, montereyherald, did, discover, vase, louis, xiv, parviainen, jaana, coeckelbergh, mark, 724, s00146, 020, 01104, 715, choreography, beyond, citizenship, performances, berger, sarah, humanlike, feel, scientists, claim, zhang, zheng, 29th, animation, casa, geneva, switzerland, combining, dialog, menezes, beryl, livemint, prepping, journey, radford, nicolaus, strawser, hambuchen, kimberly, mehling, joshua, verdeyen, william, donnan, stuart, holley, james, sanchez, jairo, nguyen, vienny, bridgwater, lyndon, berka, reginald, ambrose, myles, markee, fraser, chanpong, mcquin, christopher, 419, 1556, 4959, 1002, rob, 21560, 397, wants, happened, drc, next, hardware, inspiring, innovation, labs, classrooms, scv, theroboticschallenge, schwarz, max, pastrana, julio, allgeuer, schreiber, schueller, sebastian, missura, marcell, lecture, 8371, 575, 44467, 44468, 9_51, 568, cup, xvii, dance, say, hello, robonaut2, explorer, inquisitr, talks, crys, laughs, wilbraham, hampden, llc, best, mensch, mittelpunkt, präsentiert, auf, automatica, ein, neues, chirurgie, 早稲田大学, 理工学部, 機械工学科, 菅野研究室, twendyチーム, twendyone, roxana, deduleasa, softpedia, mimics, pkdandroid, 新サイトへ, tum, lehrstuhl, angewandte, mechanik, zweibeinige, laufmaschine, bishay, magued, alan, wilkes, kawamura, kazuhiko, spie, 417, 1117, 290312, 1997spie, 3208, 406b, 406, techniques, casasent, david, narita, kasahara, shirai, yamaguchi, sawada, takanobu, shibuya, kurata, onoe, ouchi, noguchi, niwa, nagayama, tabayashi, matsui, obata, matsuzaki, murasugi, haruyama, okada, hidaki, taguchi, hoashi, morikawa, iwano, araki, suzuki, yokoyama, dawa, nishino, inoue, hirano, soga, yanada, kato, sakamoto, ishii, matsuo, sato, hagiwara, ueda, hanamoto, kayaba, kojima, iwata, kubodera, matsuki, nakajima, nitto, kamizaki, nagaike, kunitake, 1023, 1013202723953, droidlogic, ロボット開発の歴史, spawar, 1988, robosapiens, edu, mechatech, daniel, tmms, 299896, 1969itmms, 47w, needed, duffy, vincent, crc, via, books, 9781420063523, handbook, digital, applied, ergonomics, factors, androidworld, cafolla, ceccarelli, inspiration, rapid, prototyping, novel, 22367, 22368, 1_7, robothalloffame, carnegie, mellon, incompatibility, book, 2nd, 23007, salge, christoph, conversation, stop, harming, moto, biggest, brain, fair, jade, eandt, theiet, britain, brought, museum, proved, fall, koetsier, john, 40556, 40557, impedance, sentis, park, warren, 1142, s0219843604000058, collaborative, trends, barriers, adoption, yamane, katsu, murai, akihiko, comparative, 9_7, guanglong, shuaiying, fang, xin, 33501004, 7805694, frobt, 00125, ukf, expert, method, raković, mirko, savić, srdjan, santos, victor, josé, nikolić, milutin, borovac, branislav, 31214011, 6558152, fnbot, 00036, neurorobotics, realization, unknown, bazylev, pyrkin, margun, zimenko, kremlev, ibraev

Text of the page (random words):
s ceo the competition was not solely for entertainment as data from the matches is used to further develop and improve the future generation of humanoids for commercial and industrial applications 19 various humanoid robots and their possible applications in daily life including service and companion roles are featured in the independent documentary film plug pray released in 2010 3 demonstrative edit ameca generation 1 pictured in the lab at engineered arts though many real world applications for humanoid robots are unexplored their primary use is to demonstrate up and coming technologies 20 modern examples of humanoid robots such as the honda asimo are revealed to the public in order to demonstrate new technological advancements in motor skills such as walking climbing and playing an instrument 20 other humanoid robots have been developed for household purposes however excel only in single purpose skills and are far from autonomous 20 humanoid robots especially those with artificial intelligence ai algorithms could be useful for future dangerous and or distant space exploration missions without having the need to turn back around again and return to earth once the mission is completed sensors edit a sensor is a device that measures some attribute of the world being one of the three primitives of robotics besides planning and control sensing plays an important role in robotic paradigms sensors can be classified according to the physical process with which they work or according to the type of measurement information that they give as output in this case the second approach was used 21 proprioceptive edit proprioceptive sensors sense the position orientation and speed of the humanoid s body and joints along with other internal values 22 in human beings the otoliths and semi circular canals in the inner ear are used to maintain balance and orientation 23 additionally humans use their own proprioceptive sensors e g touch muscle extension limb position to help with their orientation humanoid robots use accelerometers to measure the acceleration from which velocity can be calculated by integration 24 tilt sensors to measure inclination force sensors placed in robot s hands and feet to measure contact force with environment 25 position sensors that indicate the actual position of the robot from which the velocity can be calculated by derivation 26 and even speed sensors exteroceptive edit an artificial hand holding a lightbulb arrays of tactels can be used to provide data on what has been touched the shadow hand uses an array of 34 tactels arranged beneath its polyurethane skin on each finger tip 27 tactile sensors also provide information about forces and torques transferred between the robot and other objects computer vision refers to the processing of data from any modality which uses light to produce an image in humanoid robots it is used to recognize objects and determine their properties vision sensors work most similarly to the eyes of human beings most humanoid robots use charge coupled device cameras as vision sensors sound sensors allow humanoid robots to hear speech and environmental sounds akin to the ears of the human being microphones are usually used for the robots to convey speech actuators edit see also humanoid hand actuators are the motors responsible for motion in the robot 28 the most popular example of a humanoid robot using hydraulic actuators was the original atlas robot made by boston dynamics retired in 2024 humanoid robots are constructed in such a way that they mimic the human body they use actuators that perform like muscles and joints though with a different structure 28 the actuators of humanoid robots can be either electric pneumatic or hydraulic 29 30 it is ideal for these actuators to have high power low mass and small dimensions 30 electric edit electric actuators are the most popular types of actuators in humanoid robots 29 these actuators are smaller in size and a single electric actuator may not produce enough power for a human sized joint 29 therefore it is common to use multiple electric actuators for a single joint in a humanoid robot 29 an example of a humanoid robot using electric actuators is hrp 2 30 by 2026 the industry transitioned toward integrated joint modules that combine high torque brushless motors with strain wave gearing for increased power density hydraulic edit hydraulic actuators produce higher power than electric actuators and pneumatic actuators and they have the ability to control the torque they produce better than other types of actuators 30 however they can become very bulky in size 29 30 one solution to counter the size issue is electro hydrostatic actuators eha 30 the most popular example of a humanoid robot using hydraulic actuators is the atlas robot made by boston dynamics 30 31 pneumatic edit pneumatic actuators operate on the basis of gas compressibility 29 30 as they are inflated they expand along the axis and as they deflate they contract if one end is fixed the other will move in a linear trajectory a popular example of a pneumatic actuator is the mac kibben muscle 30 planning and control edit planning in robots is the process of planning out motions and trajectories for the robot to carry out 32 control is the actual execution of these planned motions and trajectories 32 in humanoid robots the planning must carry out biped motions meaning that robots should plan motions similar to a human 33 since one of the main uses of humanoid robots is to interact with humans it is important for the planning and control mechanisms of humanoid robots to work in a variety of terrain and environments 33 the question of walking biped robots stabilization on the surface is of great importance 34 maintenance of the robot s gravity center over the center of bearing area for providing a stable position can be chosen as a goal of control 34 to maintain dynamic balance during the walk a robot needs information about contact force and its current and desired motion 33 the solution to this problem relies on a major concept the zero moment point zmp 33 another characteristic of humanoid robots is that they move gather information using sensors on the real world and interact with it 35 they do not stay still like factory manipulators and other robots that work in highly structured environments 35 to allow humanoids to move in complex environments planning and control must focus on self collision detection path planning and obstacle avoidance 35 36 humanoid robots do not yet have some features of the human body 37 they include structures with variable flexibility which provide safety to the robot itself and to the people and redundancy of movements i e more degrees of freedom and therefore wide task availability 37 although these characteristics are desirable to humanoid robots they will bring more complexity and new problems to planning and control 38 the field of whole body control deals with these issues and addresses the proper coordination of numerous degrees of freedom e g to realize several control tasks simultaneously while following a given order of priority 39 40 some humanoid robots feature only the upper body which is typically mounted to a wheeled base 41 drastically reducing the risk of falling common to bipedal units 42 timeline of developments edit year subject notes 1898 nikola tesla publicly demonstrates his automaton technology by wirelessly controlling a model boat at the electrical exposition held at madison square garden in new york city during the height of the spanish american war 43 1921 czech writer karel čapek introduced the word robot in his play r u r which stands for rossum s universal robots the word robot comes from the word robota meaning in czech and polish labour drudgery 44 1927 maschinenmensch the maschinenmensch machine human a gynoid humanoid robot also called parody futura robotrix or the maria impersonator played by german actress brigitte helm one of the earliest humanoid robots ever to appear on film is depicted in fritz lang s film metropolis 1928 eric an electrical robot opens an exhibition of the society of model engineers at london s royal horticultural hall in london and tours the world 45 1939 elektro a humanoid robot built by the westinghouse electric corporation 46 1941 42 three laws of robotics isaac asimov formulates the three laws of robotics used in his robot science fiction stories and in the process of doing so coins the word robotics 47 1948 cybernetics norbert wiener formulates the principles of cybernetics the basis of practical robotics 48 1961 unimate the first digitally operated and programmable non humanoid robot is installed on a general motors assembly line to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine and stack them it was created by george devol and constructed by unimation the first robot manufacturing company 49 1967 to 1972 wabot 1 waseda university initiated the wabot project in 1967 and in 1972 completed the wabot 1 the world s first full scale humanoid intelligent robot 50 51 it was the first android able to walk communicate with a person in japanese with an artificial mouth measure distances and directions to the objects using external receptors artificial ears and eyes and grip and transport objects with hands 52 53 54 1969 d e whitney publishes his article resolved motion rate control of manipulators and human prosthesis 55 1970 zero moment point miomir vukobratović proposed a theoretical model to explain bipedal locomotion 56 1972 powered exoskeleton vukobratović and his associates at mihajlo pupin institute build the first active anthropomorphic exoskeleton 57 1980 marc raibert established the mit leg lab which is dedicated to studying legged locomotion and building dynamic legged robots 58 1983 greenman using mb associates arms greenman was developed by space and naval warfare systems center san diego it had an exoskeletal master controller with kinematic equivalency and spatial correspondence of the torso arms and head its vision system consisted of two 525 line video cameras each having a 35 degree field of view and video camera eyepiece monitors mounted in an aviator s helmet 59 1984 wabot 2 at waseda university the wabot 2 is created a musician humanoid robot able to communicate with a person read a normal musical score with his eyes and play tunes of average difficulty on an electronic organ 52 1985 whl 11 developed by hitachi ltd whl 11 is a biped robot capable of static walking on a flat surface at 13 seconds per step and it can also turn 52 1986 honda e series honda developed seven biped robots which were designated e0 experimental model 0 through e6 e0 was in 1986 e1 e3 were done between 1987 and 1991 and e4 e6 were done between 1991 and 1993 60 1989 manny a full scale anthropomorphic robot with 42 degrees of freedom developed at battelle s pacific northwest laboratories in richland washington for the us army s dugway proving ground in utah it could not walk on its own but it could crawl and had an artificial respiratory system to simulate breathing and sweating 52 1990 tad mcgeer showed that a biped mechanical structure with knees could walk passively down a sloping surface 61 1993 honda p series honda developed p1 prototype model 1 through p3 an evolution from e series with upper limbs developed until 1997 60 1995 hadaly developed in waseda university to study human robot communication and has three subsystems a head eye subsystem a voice control system for listening and speaking in japanese and a motion control subsystem to use the arms to point toward campus destinations 62 1995 wabian a human size biped walking robot from waseda university 62 1996 saika a light weight human size and low cost humanoid robot was developed at tokyo university saika has a two dof neck dual five dof upper arms a torso and a head several types of hands and forearms are under development also developed until 1998 52 vanderbilt humanoid the intelligent robotics lab built isac intelligent soft arm control robot uses bridgestone robotics arms the bridgestone robotic arm uses pneumatic actuated chambers to simulate the human muscle contraction and expansion in 1995 the two arms were augmented with a mechanical head called catch cost effective active camera head catch was built by a graduate student 63 then used for autonomous navigation and put on the two arms to create the third humanoid in the world after honda s asimo and mit s cog 1997 hadaly 2 a humanoid robot designed in waseda university which realizes interactive communication with humans it communicates not only informationally but also physically 62 2000 asimo honda creates its 11th bipedal humanoid robot able to run 60 xianxingzhe the national university of defense technology creates the first bipedal humanoid robot in china 2001 qrio sony unveils small humanoid entertainment robots dubbed sony dream robot sdr renamed qrio in 2003 64 hoap fujitsu realized its first commercial humanoid robot named hoap 1 its successors hoap 2 and hoap 3 were announced in 2003 and 2005 respectively hoap is designed for a broad range of applications for r d of robot technologies 65 2002 hrp 2 a biped walking robot built by the manufacturing science and technology center mstc in tokyo 66 2003 johnnie an autonomous biped walking robot built at the technical university of munich the main objective was to realize an anthropomorphic walking machine with a human like dynamically stable gait 67 actroid a robot with realistic silicone skin developed by osaka university in conjunction with kokoro company ltd 68 2004 persia iran s first humanoid robot was developed using realistic simulation by researchers of isfahan university of technology in conjunction with istt 69 khr 1 a programmable bipedal humanoid robot introduced in june 2004 by a japanese company kondo kagaku 2005 hubo a walking humanoid robot developed by korea advanced institute of science and technology in january 2005 pkd android a conversational humanoid robot made in the likeness of science fiction novelist philip k dick was developed as a collaboration between hanson robotics the fedex institute of technology and the university of memphis 70 wakamaru a japanese domestic robot made by mitsubishi heavy industries primarily intended to provide companionship to elderly and disabled people 71 actroid the geminoid series is a series of ultra realistic humanoid robots developed by hiroshi ishiguro of atr and kokoro in tokyo the original one geminoid hi 1 was made at its image followed geminoid f in 2010 and geminoid dk in 2011 72 2006 nao a small open source programmable humanoid robot developed by aldebaran robotics in france widely used by worldwide universities as a research platform and educational tool 72 reem a the first fully autonomous european biped humanoid robot designed to play chess with the hydra chess engine the first robot developed by pal robotics it was also used as a walking manipulat...