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with a newly developed kabardian latin alphabet in 1924 khuranov is credited for first compiling the first version of latin alphabet in may 1923 this version closely resembled the latin alphabet adopted for adyghe language in 1927 this alphabet consisted of many newly created letters some even borrowed from cyrillic another interesting feature of this iteration of adyghe latin alphabet was that there was no distinction between lower case and upper case letters each letter only had one single case the alphabet consisted of а b w d g ꜧ е ӡ z ž ⱬ i j k ⱪ q qh l lh m n o p ph r s š ş t th v f fh x х̌ ɦ c ç ch y h u è ù â ỳ 23 kabardian latin alphabet underwent another update in 1925 in this version many of the newly created letters were removed in favour of introduction of accents and diacritics over base latin letters in this version upper case lower case distinction was reintroduced the alphabet consisted of the following letters a a b b v v d d e e g g gu gu z z ž ž z̧ z̧ ӡ ӡ ꜧ ꜧ ꜧu ꜧu i i j j k k ku ku ⱪ ⱪ ⱪu ⱪu q q qu qu qh qh qhu qhu l l lh lh m m n n o o p p ph ph r r s s š š ş ş t t th th u u f f fh fh x x xu xu x̌ x̌ x̌u x̌u ɦ c c ç ç ch ch y y h h ù ù je je jo jo ju ju ja ja 23 in 1930 the kabardian latin alphabet was replaced by a new version derived from the nationally adopted new standard yañalif 23 in 1936 kabardian was one of the languages in the soviet union to switch to cyrillic alphabet tuta borukaev ru kabardian public figure and linguist is credited with the compilation of the first official cyrillic alphabet for kabardian they consisted of the following а а а а б б в в г г гъ гъ д д е е ж ж жь жь з з и и й й к к к к л л ль ль л л м м н н о о п п п п р р с с т т т т у у у у ф ф ф ф х х хь хь хъ хъ ц ц ц ц ч ч ш ш щ щ щ щ ъ ъ ы ы ь ь э э ю ю я я the extensive reliance on use of apostrophes made the alphabet inconvenient to learn and use thus two years later in 1938 n f yakovlev ru led a commission that reformed the cyrillic alphabet to its present form 23 among the diasporic circassian communities the situation with respect to orthography has been more complex some groups have advocated for use of latin or arabic in line with the language of the larger society in which circassian communities reside on the other hand since the adoption of cyrillic in circassia others have advocated for continued use of cyrillic as it helps maintain contact with the circassian homeland and the literary tradition there this divergence goes back to the early 20th century when in 1909 muhammad pchegatlukov developed a new and independent arabic based writing system in the ottoman empire his proposed script did not manage to displace the main orthography of the time in the circassian homeland i e nuri tsagov s script more recently there has been developments in turkey in the 2000s the konya based adyghe language teaching association adder has compiled a latin alphabet for kabardian while many in the circassian community have opposed the move the endorsement of the project by turkey s ruling party ak party has resulted in the boosting of adder script and its usage in development of new educational material 21 the alphabet consists of the following letters a a b b c c ç ç ć ć d d e e é é f f ḟ ḟ g g ǵ ǵ ğ ğ h h ḣ ḣ i ı i̇ i j j ĵ ĵ k k ḱ ḱ ǩ ǩ l l ĺ ĺ m m n n o o ö ö p p ṕ ṕ q q r r s s ś ś š š ş ş ṩ ṩ t t ṫ ṫ u u ü ü w w v v x x y y z z ź ź 26 27 1 modern alphabet 2 alphabet of 1930 3 khuranov s alphabet 4 tsagov s alphabet 5 lopatin s alphabet 6 atazhukin s alphabet 7 nogma s alphabet cyrillic alphabet edit kabardian alphabet 28 а а aː э э a б б b в в v г г ɣ гу гу ɡʷ гъ гъ ʁ гъу гъу ʁʷ д д d дж дж d͡ʒ or ɡʲ дз дз d͡z е е ja aj ё ё jo ж ж ʒ жь жь ʑ з з z и и jə əj й й j к к k ку ку kʷ къ къ q къу къу qʷ кхъ кхъ q͡χ кхъу кхъу q͡χʷ кӏ кӏ t͡ʃʼ or kʲʼ кӏу кӏу kʷʼ л л ɮ or l лъ лъ ɬ лӏ лӏ ɬʼ м м m н н n о о aw wa п п p пӏ пӏ pʼ р р r с с s т т t тӏ тӏ tʼ у у w əw ф ф f фӏ фӏ fʼ х х x ху ху xʷ хъ хъ χ хъу хъу χʷ хь хь ħ ц ц t͡s цӏ цӏ t͡sʼ ч ч t͡ʃ ш ш ʃ щ щ ɕ щӏ щӏ ɕʼ ъ ъ ˠ ы ы ə ь ь ʲ ю ю ju я я jaː ӏ ʔ ӏу ʔʷ lower case palochka ӏ is found in handwriting usually palochka uppercase and lowercase forms consistent in print or upright but only upper case ӏ is normally used in computers in the kabardian alphabet certain letters have dual pronunciations кӏ is pronounced either as kʼ or as t͡ʃʼ like чӏ and дж is pronounced either as ɡʲ гь or as d͡ʒ this variation is due to a historical sound shift in proto kabardian these letters were originally ɡʲ and kʼ but they shifted to d͡ʒ and t͡ʃʼ in the majority of modern kabardian dialects the table below lists the 59 letter kabardian cyrillic alphabet dighraphs trigraphs and a tetragraph are counted as independent letters cyrillic ipa perso arabic before 1924 23 scholarly transliteration 29 adder transliteration 26 27 30 bgn pcgn transliteration 31 а а aː ا ā ā a a á á a a э э a ئە ە ă ă e e ä ä б б b ب b b b b b b в в v ۋ v v v v v v г г ɣ گ g g ǵ ǵ g g гу гу ɡʷ گو g g gu gu gw gw гъ гъ ʁ غ ġ ġ ğ ğ gh gh гъу гъу ʁʷ غو ġ ġ ğu ğu ghw ghw д д d د d d d d d d дж дж d͡ʒ or ɡʲ ج ǯʹ ǯʹ c c j j дз дз d͡z ذ ʒ ʒ ź ź dz dz е е ja aj ئە ەی e e é é e e ё ё b jo yë yë ë ë ж ж ʒ ژ ž ž j j zh zh жь жь ʑ ظ ẑ ẑ ĵ ĵ ź ź з з z ز z z z z z z и и jə əj ئی ی i i i̇ i i i й й j ی j j y y y y к к k ک k k k k k k ку ку kʷ کو k k ku ku kw kw кӏ кӏ t͡ʃʼ or kʲʼ ࢰ č̣ʼ č̣ʼ ć ć q q k k кӏу кӏу kʷʼ ࢰو ḳ ḳ qu qu kw kw къ къ q ق q̇ q̇ k k q q къу къу qʷ قو q̇ q̇ ku ku qw qw кхъ кхъ q͡χ ٯّ q q ǩ ǩ q q кхъу кхъу q͡χʷ ٯّو q q ǩu ǩu qw qw л л ɮ or l ل l l l l l l лъ лъ ɬ ݪ ł ł ĺ ĺ lh lh лӏ лӏ ɬʼ ࢦ ḷ ḷ ĺ ĺ l l м м m م m m m m m m н н n ن n n n n n n о о ɜw wa ئۆ ۆ o o o o ö ö o o п п p پ p p p p p p пӏ пӏ pʼ ٮ ṗ ṗ ṕ ṕ p p р р r ر r r r r r r с с s س s s s s s s т т t ت t t t t t t тӏ тӏ tʼ ط ṭ ṭ ṫ ṫ t t у у w əw و w w u u w w u u w w u u ф ф f ف f f f f f f фӏ фӏ fʼ ڡ f̣ f̣ ḟ ḟ f f х х x ݗ x x x x kh kh ху ху xʷ ݗو x x xu xu khw khw хь хь ħ ح ḥ ḥ h h ẖ ẖ хъ хъ χ خ ꭓ ꭓ ḣ ḣ x x хъу хъу χʷ خو ꭓ ꭓ ḣu ḣu xw xw ц ц t͡s ث c c ś ś ts ts цӏ цӏ t͡sʼ ڗ c̣ c̣ š š ts ts ч ч t͡ʃ چ čʼ čʼ ç ç ch ch ш ш ʃ ش š š ṩ ṩ sh sh щ щ ɕ ص ŝ ŝ ş ş ś ś щӏ щӏ ɕʼ ض ṣ̂ ṣ̂ ş ş ś ś ъ ъ b ˠ ˮ ы ы ə ئہ ہ ə ə i ı y y ь ь b ʲ ʼ ю ю ju یو ju ju yu yu yu yu я я jaː یا jā jā ya ya ya ya ӏ ӏ ʔ ئ ʾ ӏу ʔʷ ؤ ʾ u w adder latin alphabet edit since the genocide and forced expulsion of circassians in their homeland in the second half of the 19th century most circassians have been living as diaspora communities in countries such as turkey syria jordan and elsewhere in fact more circassians live in the diaspora than within circassia as far as orthographic conventions among diasporic communities is concerned a majority of diaspora circasians have tried to follow the conventions and literary practices in place among people living in the circassian homeland this is to help diaspora communities maintain ties to their homeland therefore before 1924 the arabic based scripts developed for western and eastern kabardian circassian also took roots among the diaspora communities this is also why for the past decades up till today the majority of circassians be they in turkey or jordan or elsewhere have adopted the cyrillic alphabet and insist on educating the new generation in cyrillic alphabet nevertheless the issue of orthography has not been without controversy among diaspora communities in the 2000s in turkey the konya based adyghe language teaching association adder has compiled a latin alphabet for kabardian while many in the circassian community have opposed the move the endorsement of the project by turkey s ruling party ak party has resulted in the boosting of adder script since then government endorsed education material and primers have been prepared in adder latin script 21 table below lists the 49 letter kabardian latin adder alphabet and their respective cyrillic equivalents 26 27 30 highlighted letters are not considered independent letters but are digraphs and are used to correspond to specific kabardian phonemes a a aː а а á á aː а а b b b б б c c d͡ʒ or ɡʲ дж дж ć ć t͡ʃʼ кӏ кӏ ç ç t͡ʃ ч ч d d d д д e e a э э é é ja aj е е f f f ф ф ḟ ḟ fʼ фӏ фӏ f f f ф ф g g ɡʷ г у г у ǵ ǵ ɣ г г ğ ğ ʁ гъ гъ h h ħ хь хь ḣ ḣ χ хъ хъ i ı ə ы ы i̇ i jə əj и и j j ʒ ж ж ĵ ĵ ʑ жь жь k k q къ къ ḱ ḱ k к к ǩ ǩ q͡χ кхъ кхъ l l ɮ or l л л ĺ ĺ ɬ лъ лъ ĺ ĺ ɬʼ лӏ лӏ m m m м м n n n н н o o ɜw wa о о ӏо ö ö ʔʷa ӏуе p p p п п ṕ ṕ pʼ пӏ пӏ q q kʷʼ кӏ у кӏ у r r r р р s s s с с ś ś t͡s ц ц š š t͡sʼ цӏ цӏ ş ş ɕ щ щ ş ş ɕʼ щӏ щӏ ṩ ṩ ʃ ш ш t t t т т ṫ ṫ tʼ тӏ тӏ u u əw у у ӏу ü ü ʔʷə ӏуи w w w у у v v v в в x x x х х y y j й й z z z з з ź ź d͡z дз дз ʔ ӏ ӏ kabardian arabic alphabet edit below table shows kabardian perso arabic alphabet as it was the official script of kabardian circassian between 1908 and 1924 compiled by nuri tsagov 23 forms ipa kabardian cyrillic equivalent scholarly transliteration 29 unicode notes isolated final medial initial ا ـا ـا آ aː а а ā ā u 0622 u 0627 ئ ـئ ـئـ ئـ ʔ ӏ ӏ ʾ u 0626 this letter plays another role as well it precedes a vowel letter at the beginning of a word with the exception of آ equivalent to cyrillic а а ؤ ـؤ ʔʷ ӏу ʾ u 0624 ە ـە ئە a э э е е 1 ă ă e e u 06d5 the sound equivalent to cyrillic letter е е is represented by a digraph ئەیـ ئەی ـەی ەی ہ ـہ ـہـ ئہـ ə ы ы ə ə u 06c1 and u 200d 1 the main character consists of u 06c1 ـہ ہ and is always written in medial form thus the use of zero width joiner u 200d may be necessary based on context below are sample scenarios صہص د ہص صہ د ہ ب ـب ـبـ بـ b б б b b u 0628 ت ـت ـتـ تـ t т т t t u 062a ث ـث ـثـ ثـ t͡s ц ц c c u 062b پ ـپ ـپـ پـ p п п p p u 067e ٮ ـٮ ـٮـ ٮـ pʼ пӏ пӏ ṗ ṗ u 066e equivalent to ࢠ u 08a0 in adyghe arabic alphabet ج ـج ـجـ جـ d͡ʒ дж дж ǯʹ ǯʹ u 062c ح ـح ـحـ حـ ħ хь хь ḥ ḥ u 062d خ ـخ ـخـ خـ χ хъ хъ ꭓ ꭓ u 062e ݗ ـݗ ـݗـ ݗـ x х х x x u 0757 چ ـچ ـچـ چـ t͡ʃ ч ч čʼ čʼ u 0686 د ـد d д д d d u 062f ذ ـذ d͡z дз дз ʒ ʒ u 0630 ر ـر r р р r r u 0631 ز ـز z з з z z u 0632 ژ ـژ ʒ ж ж ž ž u 0698 ڗ ـڗ t͡sʼ цӏ цӏ c̣ c̣ u 0697 س ـس ـسـ سـ s с с s s u 0633 ش ـش ـشـ شـ ʃ ш ш š š u 0634 ص ـص ـصـ صـ ɕ щ щ ŝ ŝ u 0635 ض ـض ـضـ ضـ ɕʼ щӏ щӏ ṣ̂ ṣ̂ u 0636 ط ـط ـطـ طـ tʼ тӏ тӏ ṭ ṭ u 0637 ظ ـظ ـظـ ظـ ʑ жь жь ẑ ẑ u 0638 ع ـع ـعـ عـ ʔ гь гь ʾ u 0639 غ ـغ ـغـ غـ ʁ гъ гъ ġ ġ u 063a ف ـف ـفـ فـ f ф ф f f u 0641 ڡ ـڡ ـڡـ ڡـ fʼ фӏ фӏ f̣ f̣ u 06a1 ق ـق ـقـ قـ q къ къ q̇ q̇ u 0642 ٯّ ـٯّ ـٯّـ ٯّـ q͡χ кхъ кхъ q q u 066f u 0651 ک ـک ـکـ کـ k к к k k u 0643 گ ـگ ـگـ گـ ɣ g gʷ г г g g u 06af ࢰ ـࢰ ـࢰـ ࢰـ t͡ʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ кӏ кӏ č̣ʼ č̣ʼ ḳ ḳ u 08b0 ل ـل ـلـ لـ l ɮ л л l l u 0644 ݪ ـݪ ـݪـ ݪـ ɬ лъ лъ ł ł u 076a ࢦ ـࢦ ـࢦـ ࢦـ ɬʼ лӏ лӏ ḷ ḷ u 08a6 م ـم ـمـ مـ m м м m m u 0645 ن ـن ـنـ نـ n н н n n u 0646 و ـو ئو و u w у у u u w w u 0648 ۆ ـۆ ئۆ ɜw wa о о o o u 06c6 ۋ ـۋ v в в v v u 06cb equivalent to ڤ u 06a4 in adyghe arabic alphabet ی ـی ـیـ ئیـ یـ i j и и й й i i j j u 06cc grammar edit main articles kabardian grammar and circassian grammar kabardian like all northwest caucasian languages has a basic agent object verb typology and is characterized by ergative absolutive alignment example edit the following texts are excerpts from the official translations of the universal declaration of human rights in kabardian and adyghe along with the original declaration in english english 32 kabardian 33 adyghe 34 universal declaration of human rights цӏыху хуэфащэхэм теухуа дунейпсо джэпсалъэ цӏыф фэшъуашэхэм афэгъэхьыгъэ дунэепстэу джэпсалъ article 1 1 нэ пычыгъуэ 1 нэрэ пычыгъу all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights they are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood цӏыху псори щхьэхуиту я щӏыхьымрэ я хуэфащэхэмрэкӏэ зэхуэдэу къалъхур акъылрэ зэхэщӏыкӏ гъуазэрэ яӏэщи зыр зым зэкъуэш зэхащіэ яку дэлъу зэхущытын хуейхэщ цӏыф пстэури шъхьэфитэу ялъытэныгъэрэ яфэшъуашэхэмрэкӏэ зэфэдэу къалъфы акъылрэ зэхэшӏыкӏ гъуазэрэ яӏэшъы зыр зым зэкъош зэхашіэ азфагу дэлъэу зэфыщытынхэ фае transliteration c yhu huèfaŝèhèm teuhua dunejpso džèpsalʺè c yf fèšʺuašèhèm afègʺèhʹygʺè dunèepstèu džèpsalʺ 1 nè pyčygʺuè 1 nèrè pyčygʺu c yhu psori ŝhʹèhuitu â ŝ yhʹymrè â huèfaŝèhèmrèk è zèhuèdèu kʺalʺhur akʺylrè zèhèŝʺykʺ gʺuazèrè â èŝi zyr zym zèkʺuèš zèhaŝ è âku dèlʺu zèhuŝytyn huejhèŝ c yf pstèuri šʺhʹèfitèu âlʺytènygʺèrè âfèšʺuašèhèmrèk è zèfèdèu kʺalʺfy akʺylrè zèhèš yk gʺuazèrè â èšʺy zyr zym zèkʺoš zèhaš è azfagu dèlʹèu zèfyŝytynhè fae pronunciation tsʼəxʷ xʷafaːɕaxam tajwəxʷa dəwnajpsaw dʒapsaːɬa tsʼəf faʃʷaːʃaxam aːfaʁaħəʁa duːnaja pstawə dʒapsaɬ jazaːna pətʃəʁʷa nara pətʃəʁʷ tsʼəxʷ psawrəj ɕħɑxʷəjtəw jaː ɕʼəħəmra jaː xʷafaːɕaxɑmratʃʼa zaxʷadawə qaːɬxʷər aːqəɮra zaxaɕʼətʃʼ ʁʷaːzara jaːʔaɕəj zər zəm zaqʷaʃ zaxaːɕʼa jaːkʷ daɬəw zaxʷəɕətən xʷajxaɕ tsʼəf pstawərəj ʂħafəjtawə jaːɬətanəʁara jaːfaʂʷaːʃaxamratʃʼa zafadawə qaːɬfə aqəɮra zaxaʃʼətʃʼ ʁʷaːzara jaːʔaʃə zər zəm zaqʷaʃ azfaːgʷ daɬawə zafəɕətənxa faːja references edit kabardian at ethnologue 27th ed 2024 kabardian in russian federation unesco wal retrieved 22 june 2024 laurie bauer 2007 the linguistics student s handbook edinburgh 1 2 3 abazov a kh rossiĭskai︠a︡ akademii︠a︡ nauk institut ėtnologii i antropologii im n n miklukho maklai︠a︡ rossiĭskai︠a︡ akademii︠a︡ nauk adygeĭskiĭ respublikanskiĭ institut gumanitarnykh issledovaniĭ im t m kerasheva izdatelʹstvo nauka eds 2022 adygi adygeĭt︠s︡y kabardint︠s︡y cherkesy shapsugi serii︠a︡ narody i kulʹtury moskva nauka isbn 978 5 02 040924 8 1 2 3 colarusso john 2014 the northwest caucasian languages rle linguistics f a phonological survey routledge library editions linguistics hoboken taylor and francis isbn 978 1 317 91816 5 1 2 kāzemzāde hāmed 2018 the circassian question the formation of linguistic and cultural identity in the caucasus from the mind nineteenth century to modern times phd thesis thesis kumakhov m a ed 2006 adygskai︠a︡ cherkesskai︠a︡ ėnt︠s︡iklopedii︠a︡ moskva fond im b kh akbasheva isbn 978 5 9900337 1 9 1 2 phonetic structures of turkish kabardian page 3 and 4 pdf retrieved nov 15 2020 ucla phonetics lab archive recording details for kabardian baslanei dialect in the first word list called kbd_word list_1970_01 html the words man and quarter are pronounced as t͡ɬʼə and pt͡ɬʼaːna compare to standard kabardian ɬʼə and pɬʼaːna a phonetic comparison of kabardian spoken in the caucasus and diaspora pdf retrieved nov 15 2020 arkadiev peter lander yury 2020 the northwest caucasian languages in polinsky maria ed the oxford handbook of the languages of the caucasus oxford oxford university press p 5 moroz george консонантная система уляпского говора в сопоставлении с аналогами других диалектов адыгских языков www academia edu retrieved nov 15 2020 1 2 3 gordon matthew and applebaum ayla phonetic structures of turkish kabardian 2006 journal of the international phonetic association 36 2 159 186 pdf retrieved nov 15 2020 1 2 halle morris is kabardian a vowel less language foundations of language vol 6 no 1 feb 1970 pp 95 103 1 2 kuipers aert phoneme and morpheme in kabardian 1960 janua linguarum ser...