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contents lawrence bragg 87 languages afrikaans aragonés العربية مصرى asturianu azərbaycanca تۆرکجه беларуская български বাংলা bosanski català کوردی čeština dansk deutsch ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français galego gaelg hausa 客家語 hak kâ ngî עברית हिन्दी hrvatski kreyòl ayisyen magyar հայերեն bahasa indonesia ilokano ido italiano 日本語 ქართული қазақша 한국어 kurdî latina lietuvių latviešu македонски മലയാളം मराठी bahasa melayu مازِرونی नेपाल भाषा nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål occitan polski piemontèis پنجابی português română русский संस्कृतम् scots srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenčina سرائیکی slovenščina српски srpski svenska kiswahili தமிழ் tagalog türkçe татарча tatarça українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tiếng việt winaray 吴语 მარგალური yorùbá 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikisource wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia australian born british x ray crystallographer 1890 1971 for his father and fellow nobel prize winner see william henry bragg sir lawrence bragg ch obe mc frs bragg in 1915 3rd director of the national physical laboratory in office 1937 1938 preceded by sir frank edward smith acting succeeded by sir charles galton darwin personal details born william lawrence bragg 1890 03 31 31 march 1890 adelaide south australia died 1 july 1971 1971 07 01 aged 81 ipswich england spouse alice hopkinson m 1921 children 4 including stephen parent william henry bragg father relatives charles todd grandfather education university of adelaide grad 1908 trinity college cambridge grad 1912 known for bragg s law awards matteucci medal 1915 nobel prize in physics 1915 hughes medal 1931 royal medal 1946 copley medal 1966 scientific career fields x ray crystallography workplaces trinity college cambridge victoria university of manchester national physical laboratory university of cambridge royal institution academic advisors j j thomson 1 william henry bragg doctoral students max perutz alex stokes 2 evan james williams 3 other notable students george w brindley 4 sivaramakrishna chandrasekhar 4 john crank 1 marcelo damy 4 isidor fankuchen 4 peter hirsch 4 john kendrew 4 w h zachariasen 4 portrait of william lawrence bragg 1930 sir william lawrence bragg 31 march 1890 1 july 1971 was an australian born british x ray crystallographer who uniquely a shared a nobel prize with his father william henry bragg the 1915 nobel prize in physics for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of x rays 5 an important step in the development of x ray crystallography 6 as of 2025 bragg is the youngest ever nobel laureate in physics or in any science category having received the award at the age of 25 7 bragg was the director of the cavendish laboratory cambridge when james d watson and francis crick reported the discovery of the structure of dna in february 1953 education edit william lawrence bragg was born on 31 march 1890 in adelaide south australia the son of william henry bragg 1862 1942 8 who was appointed elder professor of mathematics and physics at the university of adelaide in 1885 and gwendoline todd 1869 1929 daughter of charles todd government astronomer of south australia in 1900 bragg enrolled at queen s school north adelaide followed by five years at st peter s college adelaide he went to the university of adelaide at the age of 16 to study mathematics chemistry and physics graduating in 1908 the same year his father accepted the cavendish chair of physics at the university of leeds and brought the family to england bragg enrolled at the university of cambridge as an undergraduate student of trinity college cambridge in the autumn of 1909 receiving a major scholarship in mathematics despite taking the exam while in bed with pneumonia after initially excelling in mathematics he transferred to the physics course in the later years of his studies and graduated in 1912 with first class honours in the natural sciences tripos in 1914 bragg became a fellow and lecturer in natural sciences at trinity college 9 10 among bragg s other interests was shell collecting his personal collection amounted to specimens from some 500 species all personally collected from south australia he discovered a new species of cuttlefish sepia braggi named for him by joseph verco 11 career and research edit x rays and the bragg equation edit in 1912 as a first year research student at cambridge w l bragg while strolling by the river had the insight that crystals made from parallel sheets of atoms would not diffract x ray beams that struck their surface at most angles because x rays deflected by collisions with atoms would be out of phase cancelling one another out however when the x ray beam struck at an angle at which the distances it passed between atomic sheets in the crystal equalled the x ray s wavelength then those deflected would be in phase and produce a spot on a nearby film from this insight he wrote the simple bragg equation that relates the wavelength of the x ray and the distance between atomic sheets in a simple crystal to the angles at which an impinging x ray beam would be reflected his father built an apparatus in which a crystal could be rotated to precise angles while measuring the energy of reflections this enabled father and son to measure the distances between the atomic sheets in a number of simple crystals they calculated the spacing of the atoms from the weight of the crystal and the avogadro constant which enabled them to measure the wavelengths of the x rays produced by different metallic targets in the x ray tubes w h bragg reported their results at meetings and in a paper giving credit to his son unnamed for the equation but not as a co author which gave his son some heartaches which he never overcame 12 work on sound ranging edit bragg was commissioned early in world war i in the royal horse artillery as a second lieutenant of the leicestershire battery 13 in 1915 he was seconded to the royal engineers to develop a method to localise enemy artillery from the boom of their firing 14 15 on 2 september 1915 his brother was killed during the gallipoli campaign 16 shortly afterwards he and his father were awarded the nobel prize in physics he was 25 years old and remains the youngest science laureate the problem with sound ranging was that the heavy guns boomed at too low a frequency to be detected by a microphone after months of frustrating failure he and his group devised a hot wire air wave detector that solved the problem in this work he was aided by charles galton darwin william sansome tucker harold roper robinson edward andrade 17 and henry harold hemming british sound ranging was very effective there was a unit in every british army and their system was adopted by the americans when they entered the war for his work during the war he was awarded the military cross 18 and appointed an officer of the order of the british empire obe 19 he was also mentioned in dispatches on 16 june 1916 4 january 1917 and 7 july 1919 20 21 22 hot wire sound ranging was used in world war ii during which he served as a civilian adviser 23 between the wars from 1919 to 1937 he worked at the victoria university of manchester as langworthy professor of physics he became the director of the national physical laboratory in teddington in 1937 24 after world war ii bragg returned to cambridge splitting the cavendish laboratory into research groups he believed that the ideal research unit is one of six to twelve scientists and a few assistants during this time one of his team working on crystallography was french exile adrienne weill 25 university of manchester edit a blue plaque commemorating bragg s work at the university of manchester when demobilised he returned to crystallography at cambridge they had agreed that father would study organic crystals son would investigate inorganic compounds 26 5 in 1919 when ernest rutherford a long time family friend moved to cambridge lawrence bragg replaced him as langworthy professor of physics at the victoria university of manchester and was elected to membership of the manchester literary and philosophical society on 4 11 1919 he recruited an excellent faculty including former sound rangers but he believed that his knowledge of physics was weak and he had no classroom experience the students many veterans were critical and rowdy he was deeply shaken but with family support he pulled himself together and prevailed he and r w james measured the absolute energy of reflected x rays which validated a formula derived by c g darwin before the war 27 now they could determine the number of electrons in the reflecting targets and they were able to decipher the structures of more complicated crystals like silicates it was still difficult requiring repeated guessing and retrying in the late 1920s they eased the analysis by using fourier transforms on the data in 1930 he became deeply disturbed while considering a job offer from imperial college london citation needed his family rallied around and he recovered his balance while they spent 1931 in munich where he did research national physical laboratory edit he became director of the national physical laboratory in teddington in 1937 24 bringing some co workers along however administration and committees took much of his time away from the workbench university of cambridge edit rutherford died and the search committee nominated lawrence bragg as next in the line of the cavendish professors who directed the cavendish laboratory the laboratory had an eminent history in atomic physics and certain members were wary of appointing a crystallographer which bragg surmounted by even handed administration he worked on improving the interpretation of diffraction patterns in the small crystallography group was a refugee research student without a mentor max perutz he showed bragg x ray diffraction data from haemoglobin which suggested that the structure of giant biological molecules might be deciphered bragg appointed perutz as his research assistant and within a few months obtained additional support with a grant from the rockefeller foundation the work was suspended during the second world war when perutz was interned as an enemy alien and then worked in military research during the war the cavendish offered a shortened graduate course which emphasised the electronics needed for radar bragg worked on the structure of metals and consulted on sonar and sound ranging for which the tucker microphone was still used bragg was knighted and became sir lawrence in 1941 after his father died in 1942 bragg served for six months as scientific liaison officer to canada he also organised periodic conferences on x ray analysis which was widely used in military research after the war bragg led in the formation of the international union of crystallography and was elected its first president he reorganised the cavendish into units to reflect his conviction that the ideal research unit is one of six to twelve scientists and a few assistants helped by one or more first class instrument mechanics and a workshop in which the general run of apparatus can be constructed 28 senior members of staff now had offices telephones and secretarial support the scope of the department was enlarged with a new unit on radio astronomy bragg s own work focused on the structure of metals using both x rays and the electron microscope in 1947 he persuaded the medical research council mrc to support what he described as the gallant attempt 29 to determine protein structure as the laboratory of molecular biology initially consisting of perutz john kendrew and two assistants bragg worked with them and by 1960 they had resolved the structure of myoglobin to the atomic level 30 after this bragg was less involved their analysis of haemoglobin was easier after they incorporated two mercury atoms as markers in each molecule the first monumental triumph of the mrc was decoding the structure of dna by james watson and francis crick bragg announced the discovery at a solvay conference on proteins in belgium on 8 april 1953 though it went unreported by the press he then gave a talk at guy s hospital medical school in london on thursday 14 may 1953 which resulted in an article by ritchie calder in the news chronicle of london on friday 15 may 1953 entitled why you are you nearer secret of life bragg nominated crick watson and maurice wilkins for the 1962 nobel prize in physiology or medicine wilkins share recognised the contribution of x ray crystallographers at king s college london 31 among them was rosalind franklin whose photograph 51 showed that dna was a double helix not the triple helix that linus pauling had proposed franklin died before the prize which only goes to living people was awarded royal institution edit in 1953 the braggs moved into the elegant flat for the resident professor in the royal institution in london the position his father had occupied when he died in 1934 and 1961 lawrence had delivered the royal institution christmas lecture and since 1938 he had been professor of natural philosophy in the institution delivering an annual lecture his father s successors had weakened the institution so bragg had to rebuild it he bolstered finances by enlisting corporate sponsors the traditional friday evening discourses were followed by a dinner party for the speaker and carefully selected possible patrons more than 120 of them each year two of these discourses in 1965 gave him particular pleasure on 7 may lady bragg who had been a member of the royal commission on marriage and divorce 1951 55 and was chairman of the national marriage guidance council lectured on changing patterns in marriage and divorce and on 15 november bragg listened with evident pride to the discourse on oscillations and noise in jet engines given by his engineer son stephen who was then chief scientist at rolls royce ltd and later became vice chancellor of brunel university 32 he also introduced a programme of highly regarded schools lectures enlivened by the elaborate demonstrations that were a hallmark of the institution he gave three of these lectures on electricity 33 he continued research in the institution by recruiting a small group to work in the davy faraday laboratory in the basement and in the adjoining house supported by grants he obtained a visitor to the laboratory succeeded in inserting heavy metals into the enzyme lysozyme the structure of its crystal was solved in 1965 at the royal institution by david chilton phillips and his coworkers with the computations on the 9 040 reflections perfor...