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earth s equator 1 there are a number of near earth asteroids including 3753 cruithne that are co orbital with earth their orbits bring them close to earth for periods of time but then alter in the long term morais et al 2002 these are quasi satellites they are not moons as they do not orbit earth for more information see other moons of earth the maximum value is given based on scaling of the brightness from the value of 12 74 given for an equator to moon center distance of 378 000 km in the nasa factsheet reference to the minimum earth moon distance given there after the latter is corrected for earth s equatorial radius of 6 378 km giving 350 600 km the minimum value for a distant new moon is based on a similar scaling using the maximum earth moon distance of 407 000 km given in the factsheet and by calculating the brightness of the earthshine onto such a new moon the brightness of the earthshine is earth albedo earth radius radius of moon s orbit 2 relative to the direct solar illumination that occurs for a full moon earth albedo 0 367 earth radius polar radius equatorial radius ½ 6 367 km the range of angular size values given are based on simple scaling of the following values given in the fact sheet reference at an earth equator to moon center distance of 378 000 km the angular size is 1896 arcseconds the same fact sheet gives extreme earth moon distances of 407 000 km and 357 000 km for the maximum angular size the minimum distance has to be corrected for earth s equatorial radius of 6 378 km giving 350 600 km lucey et al 2006 give 10 7 particles cm 3 by day and 10 5 particles cm 3 by night along with equatorial surface temperatures of 390 k by day and 100 k by night the ideal gas law yields the pressures given in the infobox rounded to the nearest order of magnitude 10 7 pa by day and 10 10 pa by night there is no strong correlation between the sizes of planets and the sizes of their satellites larger planets tend to have more satellites both large and small than smaller planets with 27 the diameter and 60 the density of earth the moon has 1 23 of the mass of earth the moon charon is larger relative to its primary pluto but earth and the moon are different since pluto is considered a dwarf planet and not a planet unlike earth the mean distance of the moon from the earth is 384401 displaystyle 384401 km the equatorial radius of earth is 6 378136 10 6 displaystyle 6 378136 cdot 10 6 meters multiplying by 2 π displaystyle 2 pi to convert from equatorial radius to equatorial circumference results in 4 007501 10 7 displaystyle 4 007501 cdot 10 7 meters or 40075 01 k m displaystyle 40075 01km dividing the two results in a ratio of 9 59 displaystyle 9 59 more accurately the moon s mean sidereal period fixed star to fixed star is 27 321661 days 27 d 07 h 43 min 11 5 s and its mean tropical orbital period from equinox to equinox is 27 321582 days 27 d 07 h 43 min 04 7 s explanatory supplement to the astronomical ephemeris 1961 at p 107 more accurately the moon s mean synodic period between mean solar conjunctions is 29 530589 days 29 d 12 h 44 min 02 9 s explanatory supplement to the astronomical ephemeris 1961 at p 107 see graph in sun life phases at present the diameter of the sun is increasing at a rate of about five percent per billion years this is very similar to the rate at which the apparent angular diameter of the moon is decreasing as it recedes from earth on average the moon covers an area of 0 21078 square degrees on the night sky references 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 wieczorek mark a jolliff bradley l khan amir pritchard matthew e weiss benjamin p williams james g hood lon l righter kevin neal clive r shearer charles k mccallum i stewart tompkins stephanie hawke b ray peterson chris gillis jeffrey j bussey ben 2006 the constitution and structure of the lunar interior reviews in mineralogy and geochemistry 60 1 221 364 bibcode 2006rvmg 60 221w doi 10 2138 rmg 2006 60 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 williams 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