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the moon treaty and suggested through an implementation agreement 350 352 but remains contentious current lunar programs are multilateral with the us led artemis program and the china led international lunar research station for broader international cooperation and coordination the international lunar exploration working group ilewg the moon village association mva and more generally the international space exploration coordination group isecg has been established in culture and life timekeeping further information lunar calendar lunisolar calendar and metonic cycle the venus of laussel c 25 000 bp holding a crescent shaped horn the 13 notches on the horn may symbolize the average number of days from menstruation to an ovulation or the approximate number of full menstrual cycles and lunar cycles per year although these two phenomena are unrelated 418 281 since pre historic times people have taken note of the moon s phases and its waxing and waning cycle and used it to keep record of time tally sticks notched bones dating as far back as 20 30 000 years ago are believed by some to mark the phases of the moon 282 419 420 the counting of the days between the moon s phases eventually gave rise to generalized time periods of lunar cycles as months and possibly of its phases as weeks 421 the words for the month in a range of different languages carry this relation between the period of the month and the moon etymologically the english month as well as moon and its cognates in other indo european languages e g the latin mensis and ancient greek μείς meis or μήν mēn meaning month 422 423 424 425 stem from the proto indo european pie root of moon méh 1 nōt derived from the pie verbal root meh 1 to measure indicat ing a functional conception of the moon i e marker of the month cf the english words measure and menstrual 426 427 428 to give another example from a different language family the chinese language uses the same word 月 for moon as for month which furthermore can be found in the symbols for the word week 星期 429 this lunar timekeeping gave rise to the historically dominant but varied lunisolar calendars the 7th century islamic calendar is an example of a purely lunar calendar where months are traditionally determined by the visual sighting of the hilal or earliest crescent moon over the horizon 430 of particular significance has been the occasion of full moon highlighted and celebrated in a range of calendars and cultures an example being the buddhist vesak the full moon around the southern or northern autumnal equinox is often called the harvest moon and is celebrated with festivities such as the harvest moon festival of the chinese lunar calendar its second most important celebration after the chinese lunisolar lunar new year 431 in ancient egyptian religion khonsu was the god both of the moon and the passage of time and his worship was heavily tied to the egyptian lunar calendar 432 cultural representation further information cultural astronomy archaeoastronomy lunar deity selene luna goddess crescent and man in the moon see also nocturne painting and moon magic recurring lunar aspects of lunar deities the crescent of nanna sîn c 2100 bc crescent headgear chariot and velificatio of luna 2nd 5th century a moon rabbit of the maya moon goddess 6th 9th century humans have not only observed the moon since prehistoric times but have also developed intricate perceptions of the moon over time the moon has been characterized and associated in many different ways from having a spirit or being a deity and an aspect thereof or an aspect in astrology being made an important part of many cosmologies this rich history of humans viewing the moon has been evidenced starting with depictions from 40 000 bp and in written form from the 4th millennium bce in the earliest cases of writing the oldest named astronomer and poet enheduanna akkadian high priestess to the lunar deity nanna sin and daughter of sargon the great c 2334 c 2279 bce tracked the moon and wrote poems about her 286 crescent for the representation of the moon especially its lunar phases the crescent has been a recurring symbol in a range of cultures since at least 3 000 bce or possibly earlier with bull horns dating to the earliest cave paintings at 40 000 bp 281 288 in writing systems such as chinese the crescent has developed into the symbol 月 the word for moon and in ancient egyptian it was the symbol 𓇹 meaning moon and spelled like the ancient egyptian lunar deity iah 434 which the other ancient egyptian lunar deities khonsu and thoth were associated with iconographically the crescent was used in mesopotamia as the primary symbol of nanna sîn 285 the ancient sumerian lunar deity 435 285 who was the father of inanna ishtar the goddess of the planet venus symbolized as the eight pointed star of ishtar 435 285 and utu shamash the god of the sun symbolized as a disc optionally with eight rays 435 285 all three often depicted next to each other nanna sîn is like some other lunar deities for example iah and khonsu of ancient egypt mene selene of ancient greece and luna of ancient rome depicted as a horned deity featuring crescent shaped headgears or crowns 436 437 the particular arrangement of the crescent with a star known as the star and crescent ️ goes back to the bronze age representing either the sun and moon or the moon and the planet venus in combination it came to represent the selene goddess artemis and via the patronage of hecate which as triple deity under the epithet trimorphos trivia included aspects of artemis diana came to be used as a symbol of byzantium with virgin mary queen of heaven later taking her place becoming depicted in marian veneration on a crescent and adorned with stars since then the heraldric use of the star and crescent proliferated byzantium s symbolism possibly influencing the development of the ottoman flag specifically the combination of the turkish crescent with a star 438 and becoming a popular symbol for islam as the hilal of the islamic calendar and for a range of nations 439 other associations the features of the moon the contrasting brighter highlands and darker maria have been seen by different cultures forming abstract shapes such shapes are among others the man in the moon e g coyolxāuhqui or the moon rabbit e g the chinese tu er ye or in indigenous american mythologies the aspect of the maya moon goddess from which possibly awilix is derived or of metztli tēcciztēcatl 433 occasionally some lunar deities have been also depicted driving a chariot across the sky such as the hindu chandra soma the greek artemis which is associated with selene or luna selene s ancient roman equivalent throughout the global middle ages the moon held an important cultural role in topics as wide ranging as love poetry prophecy medical thinking 440 color and material wise the moon has been associated in western alchemy with silver while gold is associated with the sun 441 through a miracle the so called splitting of the moon arabic انشقاق القمر in islam association with the moon applies also to muhammad 442 representation in modern culture see also moon in science fiction and list of appearances of the moon in fiction the moon is prominently featured in vincent van gogh s 1889 painting the starry night 443 an iconic image of the man in the moon from the first science fiction film set in space a trip to the moon 1902 georges méliès inspired by a history of literature about going to the moon the perception of the moon in the modern era has been informed by telescope enabled modern astronomy these new insights inspired cultural references connecting romantic reflections about the moon 444 and speculative fiction such as science fiction dealing with the moon 443 445 later spaceflight ushered in the space age which produced especially with the first moon landings historic achievements and references for global society represented through images of earth from a distance and summarized in an awe and awareness called the overview effect amounting to moon joy by reaching the moon video of the first step on the surface of the moon performed by neil armstrong and commented with that s one small step for a man one giant leap for mankind which was broadcast live internationally 1969 apollo 11 the much reproduced image of buzz aldrin apollo 11 with neil armstrong and earth reflected in his visor 446 this has been accompanied by public and critical reflection on humanity s cultural and legal relation to the celestial body particularly as an object of imperialism as in the space race and as an object of colonialism through lunar resources commercialization 376 the 1970 poem whitey on the moon has become famous for its expression of such critical reflections 447 other reflections have invoked the moon s nature 415 raising issues like lunar conservation and sustainability 378 understanding the moon as a common 448 409 417 in 2021 the 20 july became the international moon day the date of the first crewed moon landing 449 lunar effect main article lunar effect the lunar effect is a supposed correlation between specific stages of the roughly 29 5 day lunar cycle and behavior and physiological changes in humans on earth lunar cycles have significant impacts on human culture but no solid evidence connects these cycles to human biology 450 the moon has long been associated with insanity and irrationality the words lunacy and lunatic are derived from the latin name for the moon luna philosophers aristotle and pliny the elder argued that the full moon induced insanity in susceptible individuals believing that the brain which is mostly water must be affected by the moon and its power over the tides but the moon s gravity is too slight to affect any single person 451 in modern society lunar effects have been claimed to be responsible for supposed increased admissions to psychiatric hospitals traffic accidents homicides or suicides during a full moon 451 but these claims have been invalidated by at least 37 studies 452 see also list of natural satellites selenography study of the surface and shape of the moon timekeeping on the moon explanatory notes between 18 29 and 28 58 to earth s equator 1 there are a number of near earth asteroids including 3753 cruithne that are co orbital with earth their orbits bring them close to earth for periods of time but then alter in the long term morais et al 2002 these are quasi satellites they are not moons as they do not orbit earth for more information see other moons of earth the maximum value is given based on scaling of the brightness from the value of 12 74 given for an equator to moon center distance of 378 000 km in the nasa factsheet reference to the minimum earth moon distance given there after the latter is corrected for earth s equatorial radius of 6 378 km giving 350 600 km the minimum value for a distant new moon is based on a similar scaling using the maximum earth moon distance of 407 000 km given in the factsheet and by calculating the brightness of the earthshine onto such a new moon the brightness of the earthshine is earth albedo earth radius radius of moon s orbit 2 relative to the direct solar illumination that occurs for a full moon earth albedo 0 367 earth radius polar radius equatorial radius ½ 6 367 km the range of angular size values given are based on simple scaling of the following values given in the fact sheet reference at an earth equator to moon center distance of 378 000 km the angular size is 1896 arcseconds the same fact sheet gives extreme earth moon distances of 407 000 km and 357 000 km for the maximum angular size the minimum distance has to be corrected for earth s equatorial radius of 6 378 km giving 350 600 km lucey et al 2006 give 10 7 particles cm 3 by day and 10 5 particles cm 3 by night along with equatorial surface temperatures of 390 k by day and 100 k by night the ideal gas law yields the pressures given in the infobox rounded to the nearest order of magnitude 10 7 pa by day and 10 10 pa by night there is no strong correlation between the sizes of planets and the sizes of their satellites larger planets tend to have more satellites both large and small than smaller planets with 27 the diameter and 60 the density of earth the moon has 1 23 of the mass of earth the moon charon is larger relative to its primary pluto but earth and the moon are different since pluto is considered a dwarf planet and not a planet unlike earth the mean distance of the moon from the earth is 384401 displaystyle 384401 km the equatorial radius of earth is 6 378136 10 6 displaystyle 6 378136 cdot 10 6 meters multiplying by 2 π displaystyle 2 pi to convert from equatorial radius to equatorial circumference results in 4 007501 10 7 displaystyle 4 007501 cdot 10 7 meters or 40075 01 k m displaystyle 40075 01km dividing the two results in a ratio of 9 59 displaystyle 9 59 more accurately the moon s mean sidereal period fixed star to fixed star is 27 321661 days 27 d 07 h 43 min 11 5 s and its mean tropical orbital period from equinox to equinox is 27 321582 days 27 d 07 h 43 min 04 7 s explanatory supplement to the astronomical ephemeris 1961 at p 107 more accurately the moon s mean synodic period between mean solar conjunctions is 29 530589 days 29 d 12 h 44 min 02 9 s explanatory supplement to the astronomical ephemeris 1961 at p 107 see graph in sun life phases at present the diameter of the sun is increasing at a rate of about five percent per billion years this is very similar to the rate at which the apparent angular diameter of the moon is decreasing as it recedes from earth on average the moon covers an area of 0 21078 square degrees on the night sky references 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 wieczorek mark a jolliff bradley l khan amir pritchard matthew e weiss benjamin p williams james g hood lon l righter kevin neal clive r shearer charles k mccallum i stewart tompkins stephanie hawke b ray peterson chris gillis jeffrey j bussey ben 2006 the constitution and structure of the lunar interior reviews in mineralogy and geochemistry 60 1 221 364 bibcode 2006rvmg 60 221w doi 10 2138 rmg 2006 60 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 williams david r february 2 2006 moon fact sheet nasa national space science data center archived from the original on march 23 2010 retrieved december 31 2008 1 2 3 lang kenneth r 2011 the cambridge guide to the solar system second ed cambridge university press isbn 978 1 139 49417 5 archived from the original on january 1 2016 morais m h m morbidelli a 2002 the population of near earth asteroids in coorbital motion with the earth icarus 160 1 1 9 bibcode 2002icar 160 1m doi 10 1006 icar 2002 6937 hdl 10316 4391 smith david e zuber maria t neumann gregory a lemoine frank g 1997 topography of the moon from the clementine lidar journal of geophysical research 102 e1 1601 bibcode 1997jgr 102 1591s doi 10 1029 96je02940 hdl 2060 19980018849 terry paul 2013 top 10 of everything 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