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hristendom s traditions related to mary the mother of jesus citation needed 1 2 3 4 the diatessaron tatian s gospel harmony became a standard text in some syriac speaking churches down to the 5th century when it gave way to the four separate gospels found in the peshitta citation needed 1 2 3 4 parts of these four books are not found in the most reliable ancient sources in some cases are thought to be later additions and have therefore not appeared historically in every biblical tradition citation needed they are as follows mark 16 9 20 john 7 53 8 11 the comma johanneum and portions of the western version of acts to varying degrees arguments for the authenticity of these passages especially for the one from the gospel of john have occasionally been made citation needed skeireins a commentary on the gospel of john in the gothic language was included in the wulfila bible citation needed it exists today only in fragments citation needed 1 2 the acts of paul and thecla and the third epistle to the corinthians are all portions of the greater acts of paul narrative which is part of a stichometric catalogue of new testament canon found in the codex claromontanus but has survived only in fragments citation needed some of the content within these individual sections may have developed separately citation needed 1 2 3 4 these four works were questioned or spoken against by martin luther and he changed the order of his new testament to reflect this but he did not leave them out nor has any lutheran body since citation needed traditional german luther bibles are still printed with the new testament in this changed lutheran order citation needed the vast majority of protestants embrace these four works as fully canonical citation needed 1 2 3 4 5 the peshitta excludes 2 john 3 john 2 peter jude and revelation but certain bibles of the modern syriac traditions include later translations of those books citation needed still today the official lectionary followed by the syriac orthodox church and the assyrian church of the east presents lessons from only the twenty two books of peshitta the version to which appeal is made for the settlement of doctrinal questions citation needed the epistle to the laodiceans is present in some western non roman catholic translations and traditions citation needed especially of note is john wycliffe s inclusion of the epistle in his english translation citation needed and the quakers use of it to the point where they produced a translation and made pleas for its canonicity see poole s annotations on col 4 16 the epistle is nonetheless widely rejected by the vast majority of protestants citation needed the apocalypse of peter though not listed in this table is mentioned in the muratorian fragment and is part of a stichometric catalogue of new testament canon found in the codex claromontanus citation needed it was also held in high regard by clement of alexandria citation needed other known writings of the apostolic fathers not listed in this table are as follows the seven epistles of ignatius the epistle of polycarp the martyrdom of polycarp the epistle to diognetus the fragment of quadratus of athens the fragments of papias of hierapolis the reliques of the elders preserved in irenaeus and the apostles creed citation needed though they are not listed in this table the apostolic constitutions were considered canonical by some including alexius aristenus john of salisbury and to a lesser extent grigor tat evatsi citation needed they are even classified as part of the new testament canon within the body of the constitutions itself moreover they are the source for a great deal of the content in the orthodox tewahedo broader canon citation needed 1 2 3 4 5 these five writings attributed to the apostolic fathers are not currently considered canonical in any biblical tradition though they are more highly regarded by some more than others citation needed nonetheless their early authorship and inclusion in ancient biblical codices as well as their acceptance to varying degrees by various early authorities requires them to be treated as foundational literature for christianity as a whole according to whom citation needed 1 2 ethiopic clement and the ethiopic didascalia are distinct from and should not be confused with other ecclesiastical documents known in the west by similar names citation needed book order edit the order in which the books of the new testament appear differs between some collections and ecclesiastical traditions in the latin west prior to the vulgate an early 5th century latin version of the bible the four gospels were arranged in the following order matthew john luke and mark f the syriac peshitta places the major catholic epistles james 1 peter and 1 john immediately after acts and before the pauline epistles the order of an early edition of the letters of paul is based on the size of the letters longest to shortest though keeping 1 and 2 corinthians and 1 and 2 thessalonians together the pastoral epistles were apparently not part of the corpus paulinum in which this order originated and were later inserted after 2 thessalonians and before philemon hebrews was variously incorporated into the corpus paulinum either after 2 thessalonians after philemon i e at the very end or after romans luther s canon found in the 16th century luther bible continues to place hebrews james jude and the apocalypse revelation last this reflects the thoughts of the reformer martin luther on the canonicity of these books 64 g 65 authors edit main article authorship of the bible new testament it is considered the books of the new testament were all or nearly all written by jewish christians that is jewish disciples of christ who lived in the roman empire and under roman occupation 66 the author of the gospel of luke and the book of acts is frequently thought of as an exception scholars are divided as to whether he was a gentile or a hellenistic jew 67 a few scholars identify the author of the gospel of mark as probably a gentile and similarly for the gospel of matthew though most assert jewish christian authorship 68 69 70 verification needed however more recently the above understanding has been challenged by the publication of evidence showing only educated elites after the jewish war would have been capable of producing the prose found in the gospels 71 verification needed page needed gospels edit main article synoptic gospels evangelist mathäus und der engel by rembrandt 1661 authorship of the gospels remains divided among both evangelical and critical scholars the names of each gospel stems from church tradition the gospels are anonymous as was common for bios of the time biographies by plutarch and suetonius were also originally anonymous as well 72 73 74 the gospel of john claims to be based on eyewitness testimony from the disciple whom jesus loved but never names this character the author of luke acts claimed to be a companion of paul this claim remains accepted by most scholars 41 h objections to this viewpoint mainly take the form of the following two interpretations but also include the claim that luke acts contains differences in theology and historical narrative which are irreconcilable with the authentic letters of paul the apostle 76 ehrman has argued for a scholarly consensus that many new testament books were not written by the individuals whose names are attached to them 77 78 scholarly opinion is that names were fixed to the gospels by the mid second century ad 79 many scholars believe that none of the gospels were written in the region of palestine 80 most scholars hold to marcan priority which posits that mark was the first gospel to be written many argue the authors of the gospel of matthew and the gospel of luke used the gospel of mark and a hypothetical q source though alternative hypotheses that posit the direct use of matthew by luke or vice versa without q are increasing in popularity within scholarship 81 82 83 84 85 these three gospels are called the synoptic gospels because they include many of the same stories often in the same sequence and sometimes in exactly the same wording john however is quite different many scholars have historically argued that john comes from a distinct tradition and that the author of john did not know the synoptics however there is a growing movement of scholars in the 21st century who argue that the gospel of john knew and used the synoptics 86 acts edit main article authorship of luke acts the same author appears to have written the gospel of luke and the acts of the apostles and most refer to them as the lucan texts 87 88 the most direct evidence comes from the prefaces of each book both were addressed to theophilus and the preface to the acts of the apostles references my former book about the ministry of jesus 89 furthermore there are linguistic and theological similarities between the two works suggesting that they have a common author 90 91 92 93 pauline epistles edit main article authorship of the pauline epistles saint paul writing his epistles by valentin de boulogne c 1618 1620 most scholars think paul actually dictated his letters to a secretary the pauline epistles are the thirteen books in the new testament traditionally attributed to paul of tarsus seven letters are generally classified as undisputed expressing contemporary scholarly near consensus that they are the work of paul romans 1 corinthians 2 corinthians galatians philippians 1 thessalonians and philemon six additional letters bearing paul s name do not currently enjoy the same academic consensus ephesians colossians 2 thessalonians 1 timothy 2 timothy and titus i the anonymous epistle to the hebrews is despite unlikely pauline authorship often functionally grouped with these thirteen to form a corpus of fourteen pauline epistles j while many scholars uphold the traditional view some question whether the first three called the deutero pauline epistles are authentic letters of paul as for the latter three the pastoral epistles some scholars uphold the traditional view of these as the genuine writings of the apostle paul i most regard them as pseudepigrapha 96 one might refer to the epistle to the laodiceans and the third epistle to the corinthians as examples of works identified as pseudonymous since the early centuries of the church there has been debate concerning the authorship of the anonymous epistle to the hebrews and contemporary scholars generally reject pauline authorship 97 the epistles all share common themes emphasis vocabulary and style they exhibit a uniformity of doctrine concerning the mosaic law jesus faith and various other issues all of these letters easily fit into the chronology of paul s journeys depicted in acts of the apostles other epistles edit the author of the epistle of james identifies himself in the opening verse as james a servant of god and of the lord jesus christ from the middle of the 3rd century patristic authors cited the epistle as written by james the just 98 ancient and modern scholars have always been divided on the issue of authorship many consider the epistle to be written in the late 1st or early 2nd centuries 99 the author of the first epistle of peter identifies himself in the opening verse as peter an apostle of jesus christ and the view that the epistle was written by st peter is attested to by a number of church fathers irenaeus 140 203 tertullian 150 222 clement of alexandria 155 215 and origen of alexandria 185 253 unlike the second epistle of peter the authorship of which was debated in antiquity there was little debate about peter s authorship of this first epistle until the 18th century although 2 peter internally purports to be a work of the apostle many biblical scholars have concluded that peter is not the author 100 for an early date and usually for a defense of the apostle peter s authorship see kruger 101 zahn 102 spitta 103 full citation needed bigg 104 and green 105 the epistle of jude title is written as follows jude a servant of jesus christ and brother of james 106 the debate has continued over the author s identity as the apostle the brother of jesus both or neither 107 johannine works edit main article authorship of the johannine works the gospel of john the three johannine epistles and the book of revelation exhibit marked similarities although more so between the gospel and the epistles especially the gospel and 1 john than between those and revelation 108 most scholars therefore treat the five as a single corpus of johannine literature albeit not from the same author 109 christian tradition identifies john the apostle with john the evangelist the supposed author of the gospel of john the majority of scholars interpret john 21 24 as claiming the beloved disciple was the author of the gospel though others interpret it to mean he was source of its traditions 110 111 112 k scholars such as bart ehrman have speculated that john 21 was an addition by either the author of chapters 1 20 or a redactor 116 117 but no manuscript evidence for this assertion has been discovered 118 and a growing number views it as part of the earliest text 119 the author may also claim to be a witness in 1 14 and 19 35 120 121 122 123 20th century scholarship viewed john as a communal work written in stages but recent scholarship tends to view the gospel as the product of a single author and are less interested in theories about hypothetical editions or sources of the gospel 121 124 christian tradition identifies this disciple as the apostle john but while this idea still has supporters for a variety of reasons the majority of modern scholars have abandoned it or hold it only tenuously though they view the beloved disciple as the source of much of john s content 125 126 john s usage of mark is well in line with the rewriting methods used by jewish authors and the patterns of variation in the gospels are typical of ancient biographies about actual people and history 127 128 129 the author of the book of revelation identifies himself as john 130 and states that he was on patmos when he received his first vision 131 as a result the author is sometimes referred to as john of patmos the author has traditionally been identified with john the apostle to whom the gospel and the epistles of john were attributed it was believed that he was exiled to the island of patmos during the reign of domitian and wrote revelation there justin martyr c 100 165 ad who was acquainted with polycarp who had been mentored by john makes a possible allusion to this book and credits john as the source 132 irenaeus c 115 202 assumes it as a conceded point according to the zondervan pictorial encyclopedia of the bible modern scholars are divided between the apostolic view and several alternative hypotheses put forth in the last hundred years or so 133 ben witherington points out that linguistic evidence makes it unlikely that the books share the same author 134 dat...