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a ئۇيغۇرچە uyghurche українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча vepsän kel tiếng việt winaray 吴语 хальмг ייִדיש yorùbá 文言 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 isizulu edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia not to be confused with ytterbium for the hacker group sometimes called yttrium see cozy bear chemical element with atomic number 39 y yttrium 39 y yttrium pronunciation ˈ ɪ t r i ə m ⓘ it ree əm appearance silvery white standard atomic weight a r y 88 905 838 0 000 002 1 88 906 0 001 abridged 2 yttrium in the periodic table hydrogen helium lithium beryllium boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon caesium barium lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury element thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon francium radium actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium nihonium flerovium moscovium livermorium tennessine oganesson sc y lu strontium yttrium zirconium atomic number z 39 group group 3 period period 5 block d block electron configuration kr 4d 1 5s 2 electrons per shell 2 8 18 9 2 physical properties phase at stp solid melting point 1799 k 1526 c 2779 f boiling point 3203 k 2930 c 5306 f density at 20 c 4 469 g cm 3 3 when liquid at m p 4 24 g cm 3 heat of fusion 11 42 kj mol heat of vaporization 363 kj mol molar heat capacity 26 53 j mol k specific heat capacity 298 405 j kg k vapor pressure p pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at t k 1883 2075 2320 2627 3036 3607 atomic properties oxidation states common 3 0 4 1 5 2 6 electronegativity pauling scale 1 22 ionization energies 1st 600 kj mol 2nd 1180 kj mol 3rd 1980 kj mol atomic radius empirical 180 pm covalent radius 190 7 pm spectral lines of yttrium other properties natural occurrence primordial crystal structure hexagonal close packed hcp hp2 lattice constants a 364 83 pm c 573 17 pm at 20 c 3 thermal expansion 11 21 10 6 k at 20 c 3 a thermal conductivity 17 2 w m k electrical resistivity α poly 596 nω m at r t magnetic ordering paramagnetic 7 molar magnetic susceptibility 2 15 10 6 cm 3 mol 2928 k 8 young s modulus 63 5 gpa shear modulus 25 6 gpa bulk modulus 41 2 gpa speed of sound thin rod 3300 m s at 20 c poisson ratio 0 243 brinell hardness 200 589 mpa cas number 7440 65 5 history naming after ytterby sweden and its mineral ytterbite gadolinite discovery johan gadolin 1794 first isolation friedrich wöhler 1838 isotopes of yttrium v e main isotopes decay isotope abun dance half life t 1 2 mode pro duct 87 y synth 79 8 h ε 87 sr 88 y synth 106 63 d ε 88 sr 89 y 100 stable 90 y synth 64 05 h β 90 zr 91 y synth 58 51 d β 91 zr category yttrium view talk edit references piece of yttrium yttrium is a chemical element it has symbol y and atomic number 39 it is a silvery metallic transition metal chemically similar to the lanthanides and has often been classified as a rare earth element 9 yttrium is almost always found in combination with lanthanide elements in rare earth minerals and is never found in nature as a free element 89 y is the only stable isotope and the only isotope found in the earth s crust the most important present day use of yttrium is as a component of phosphors especially those used in leds historically it was once widely used in the red phosphors in television set cathode ray tube displays 10 yttrium is also used in the production of electrodes electrolytes electronic filters lasers superconductors various medical applications and tracing various materials to enhance their properties yttrium has no known biological role exposure to yttrium compounds can cause lung disease in humans 11 etymology edit the element is named after ytterbite a mineral first identified in 1787 by chemist carl axel arrhenius 12 he named the mineral after the village of ytterby in sweden where it had been discovered when one of the chemicals in ytterbite was later found to be a previously unidentified element the element was then named yttrium after the mineral characteristics edit properties edit yttrium is a soft silver metallic lustrous and highly crystalline transition metal in group 3 as expected by periodic trends it is less electronegative than its predecessor in the group scandium and less electronegative than the next member of period 5 zirconium 13 however due to the lanthanide contraction it is also less electronegative than its successor in the group lutetium 14 15 16 yttrium is the first d block element in the fifth period the pure element is relatively stable in air in bulk form due to passivation of a protective oxide y 2 o 3 film that forms on the surface this film can reach a thickness of 10 μm when yttrium is heated to 750 c in water vapor 17 when finely divided however yttrium is very unstable in air shavings or turnings of the metal can ignite in air at temperatures exceeding 400 c 18 yttrium nitride yn is formed when the metal is heated to 1000 c in nitrogen 17 similarity to the lanthanides edit further information rare earth element the similarities of yttrium to the lanthanides are so strong that the element has been grouped with them as a rare earth element 9 and is always found in nature together with them in rare earth minerals 19 chemically yttrium resembles those elements more closely than its neighbor in the periodic table scandium 20 and if physical properties were plotted against atomic number it would have an apparent number of 64 5 to 67 5 placing it between the lanthanides gadolinium and erbium 21 it often also falls in the same range for reaction order 17 resembling terbium and dysprosium in its chemical reactivity 10 yttrium is so close in size to the so called yttrium group of heavy lanthanide ions that in solution it behaves as if it were one of them 17 22 even though the lanthanides are one row farther down the periodic table than yttrium the similarity in atomic radius may be attributed to the lanthanide contraction 23 one of the few notable differences between the chemistry of yttrium and that of the lanthanides is that yttrium is almost exclusively trivalent whereas about half the lanthanides can have valences other than three nevertheless only for four of the fifteen lanthanides are these other valences important in aqueous solution ce iv sm ii eu ii and yb ii 17 compounds and reactions edit see also category yttrium compounds left soluble yttrium salts reacts with carbonate forming white precipitate yttrium carbonate right yttrium carbonate is soluble in excess alkali metal carbonate solution as a trivalent transition metal yttrium forms various inorganic compounds generally in the 3 oxidation state by giving up all three of its valence electrons 24 a good example is yttrium iii oxide y 2 o 3 also known as yttria a six coordinate white solid 25 yttrium forms a water insoluble fluoride hydroxide and oxalate but its bromide chloride iodide nitrate and sulfate are all soluble in water 17 the y 3 ion is colorless in solution due to the absence of electrons in the d and f electron shells 17 water readily reacts with yttrium and its compounds to form y 2 o 3 19 concentrated nitric and hydrofluoric acids do not rapidly attack yttrium but other strong acids do 17 with halogens yttrium forms trihalides such as yttrium iii fluoride yf 3 yttrium iii chloride ycl 3 and yttrium iii bromide ybr 3 at temperatures above roughly 200 c 11 similarly carbon phosphorus selenium silicon and sulfur all form binary compounds with yttrium at elevated temperatures 17 organoyttrium chemistry is the study of compounds containing carbon yttrium bonds a few of these are known to have yttrium in the oxidation state 0 4 26 the 2 state has been observed in chloride melts 27 and 1 in oxide clusters in the gas phase 28 some trimerization reactions were generated with organoyttrium compounds as catalysts 26 these syntheses use ycl 3 as a starting material obtained from y 2 o 3 and concentrated hydrochloric acid and ammonium chloride 29 30 hapticity is a term to describe the coordination of a group of contiguous atoms of a ligand bound to the central atom it is indicated by the greek letter eta η yttrium complexes were the first examples of complexes where carboranyl ligands were bound to a d 0 metal center through a η 7 hapticity 26 vaporization of the graphite intercalation compounds graphite y or graphite y 2 o 3 leads to the formation of endohedral fullerenes such as y c 82 10 electron spin resonance studies indicated the formation of y 3 and c 82 3 ion pairs 10 the carbides y 3 c y 2 c and yc 2 can be hydrolyzed to form hydrocarbons 17 isotopes and nucleosynthesis edit main article isotopes of yttrium yttrium in the solar system was created by stellar nucleosynthesis mostly by the s process 72 but also the r process 28 31 the r process consists of rapid neutron capture by lighter elements during supernova explosions the s process is a slow neutron capture of lighter elements inside pulsating red giant stars 32 mira is an example of the type of red giant star in which most of the yttrium in the solar system was created yttrium isotopes are among the most common products of the nuclear fission of uranium in nuclear explosions and nuclear reactors 33 in the context of nuclear waste management the most important isotopes of yttrium are 91 y and 90 y with half lives of 58 51 days and 64 hours respectively 34 though 90 y has a short half life it exists in secular equilibrium with its long lived parent isotope strontium 90 90 sr half life 29 years 18 all group 3 elements have an odd atomic number and therefore few stable isotopes 14 scandium has one stable isotope and yttrium itself has only one stable isotope 89 y which is also the only isotope that occurs naturally however the lanthanide rare earths contain elements of even atomic number and many stable isotopes yttrium 89 is thought to be more abundant than it otherwise would be due in part to the s process which allows enough time for isotopes created by other processes to decay by electron emission neutron proton 32 b such a slow process tends to favor isotopes with atomic mass numbers a protons neutrons around 90 138 and 208 which have unusually stable atomic nuclei with 50 82 and 126 neutrons respectively 32 c this stability is thought to result from their very low neutron capture cross section 32 electron emission of isotopes with those mass numbers is simply less prevalent due to this stability resulting in them having a higher abundance 18 89 y has a mass number close to 90 and has 50 neutrons in its nucleus at least 32 synthetic isotopes of yttrium have been observed and these range in atomic mass number from 76 to 108 34 the least stable of these is 109 y with a half life of 25 ms and the most stable is 88 y with half life 106 629 days 35 apart from 91 y 87 y and 90 y with half lives of 58 51 days 79 8 hours and 64 hours respectively all other isotopes have half lives of less than a day and most of less than an hour 34 yttrium isotopes with mass numbers at or below 88 decay mainly by positron emission proton neutron to form strontium z 38 isotopes 34 yttrium isotopes with mass numbers at or above 90 decay mainly by electron emission neutron proton to form zirconium z 40 isotopes 34 isotopes with mass numbers at or above 97 are also known to have minor decay paths of β delayed neutron emission 36 yttrium has at least 20 metastable excited isomers ranging in mass number from 78 to 102 34 d multiple excitation states have been observed for 80 y and 97 y 34 while most yttrium isomers are expected to be less stable than their ground state 78m 84m 85m 96m 98m1 100m 102m y have longer half lives than their ground states as these isomers decay by beta decay rather than isomeric transition 36 history edit in 1787 part time chemist carl axel arrhenius found a heavy black rock in an old quarry near the swedish village of ytterby now part of the stockholm archipelago 37 thinking it was an unknown mineral containing the newly discovered element tungsten 38 he named it ytterbite e and sent samples to various chemists for analysis 37 johan gadolin discovered yttrium oxide johan gadolin at the royal academy of åbo turku identified a new oxide or earth in arrhenius sample in 1789 and published his completed analysis in 1794 39 f anders gustaf ekeberg confirmed the identification in 1797 and named the new oxide yttria 40 in the decades after antoine lavoisier developed the first modern definition of chemical elements it was believed that earths could be reduced to their elements meaning that the discovery of a new earth was equivalent to the discovery of the element within which in this case would have been yttrium g 41 42 43 friedrich wöhler is credited with first isolating the metal in 1828 by reacting a volatile chloride that he believed to be yttrium chloride with potassium 44 45 46 in 1843 carl gustaf mosander found that samples of yttria contained three oxides white yttrium oxide yttria yellow terbium oxide confusingly this was called erbia at the time and rose colored erbium oxide called terbia at the time 47 48 a fourth oxide ytterbium oxide was isolated in 1878 by jean charles galissard de marignac 49 new elements were later isolated from each of those oxides and each element was named in some fashion after ytterby the village near the quarry where they were found see ytterbium terbium and erbium 50 in the following decades seven other new metals were discovered in gadolin s yttria 37 since yttria was found to be a mineral and not an oxide martin heinrich klaproth renamed it gadolinite in honor of gadolin 37 until the early 1920s the chemical symbol yt was used for the element after which y came into common use 51 52 in 1987 yttrium barium copper oxide was found to achieve high temperature superconductivity 53 it was only the second material known to exhibit this property 53 and it was the first known material to achieve superconductivity above the economically important boiling point of nitrogen h occurrence edit xenotime...