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itation of groundwater 7 2 expansion of agricultural and industrial users 7 3 water pollution 7 4 climate change 7 4 1 retreat of mountain glaciers 8 options for improvements toggle options for improvements subsection 8 1 supply and demand side management 8 2 co operation between countries 8 3 water conservation 8 4 expanding sources of usable water 8 4 1 wastewater treatment and reclaimed water 8 4 2 desalination 8 5 virtual water trade 9 regional examples toggle regional examples subsection 9 1 overview of regions 9 2 africa 9 2 1 west africa and north africa 9 3 asia 9 4 america 9 5 australia 9 6 by country 10 society and culture toggle society and culture subsection 10 1 global goals 11 see also 12 references 13 external links toggle the table of contents water scarcity 36 languages العربية azərbaycanca বাংলা català کوردی deutsch ελληνικά esperanto español فارسی français hausa हिन्दी bahasa indonesia igbo igala 日本語 한국어 македонски bahasa melayu nederlands پښتو português română русский simple english српски srpski svenska kiswahili தமிழ் тоҷикӣ türkmençe türkçe українська tiếng việt 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia situation where there is a shortage of water map of global water stress a symptom of water scarcity in 2019 water stress is the ratio of water use relative to water availability and is therefore a demand driven scarcity 1 water scarcity closely related to water stress or water crisis is the lack of any local or economically viably transportable sources of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand in a region there are two types of water scarcity one is physical the other is economic water scarcity 2 560 physical water scarcity is where there is not enough water to meet all demands this includes water needed for ecosystems to function regions with a desert climate often face physical water scarcity 3 central asia west asia north africa and most of australia are examples of arid areas economic water scarcity results from a lack of investment in infrastructure or technology to draw usable water from rivers aquifers and other water sources it also results from weak human capacity to meet water demand 2 560 many people in sub saharan africa are living with economic water scarcity 4 11 there is and has always been enough physical supply of freshwater for current or near or distant future demand in a global scale as such water scarcity is caused by a mismatch between when and where people need water and when and where it is available 5 this can happen due to an increase in the number of people in a region changing living conditions and diets and expansion of irrigated agriculture 6 7 8 climate change including droughts or floods deforestation water pollution and wasteful use of water can also mean there is not enough water 9 these variations in scarcity may also be a function of prevailing economic policy and planning approaches water scarcity assessments look at many types of information they include green water soil moisture water quality environmental flow requirements and virtual water trade 8 water stress is one parameter to measure water scarcity it is useful in the context of sustainable development goal 6 10 half a billion people live in areas with severe water scarcity throughout the year 5 8 and around four billion people face severe water scarcity at least one month per year 5 11 half of the world s largest cities experience water scarcity 11 there are 2 3 billion people who reside in nations with water scarcities meaning less than 1700 m 3 of water per person per year 12 13 14 there are different ways to reduce water scarcity it can be done through supply and demand side management cooperation between countries and water conservation expanding sources of usable water can help reusing wastewater and desalination are ways to do this others are reducing water pollution and changes to the virtual water trade definitions edit global physical and economic water scarcity water scarcity has been defined as the volumetric abundance or lack thereof of freshwater resources and it is thought to be human driven 15 4 this can also be called physical water scarcity 4 there are two types of water scarcity one is physical water scarcity and the other is economic water scarcity 2 560 some definitions of water scarcity look at environmental water requirements this approach varies from one organization to another 15 4 global water consumption 1900 2025 by region in billions m 3 per year related concepts are water stress and water risk the ceo water mandate an initiative of the un global compact proposed to harmonize these in 2014 15 2 in their discussion paper they state that these three terms should not be used interchangeably 15 3 most water stressed countries in the world in 2020 16 some organizations define water stress as a broader concept it would include aspects of water availability water quality and accessibility accessibility depends on existing infrastructure it also depends on whether customers can afford to pay for the water 15 4 some experts call this economic water scarcity 4 the fao defines water stress as the symptoms of water scarcity or shortage such symptoms could be growing conflict between users and competition for water declining standards of reliability and service harvest failures and food insecurity 17 6 this is measured with a range of water stress indices a group of scientists provided another definition for water stress in 2016 water stress refers to the impact of high water use either withdrawals or consumption relative to water availability 1 this means water stress would be a demand driven scarcity a report published by the unu institute for water environment and health in 2026 points out that the terms water stress and water crisis are no longer adequate to describe the current global water availability situation 18 as a result the un has adopted the term water bankruptcy as a better description for the current state which signals both the irreversibility and the insolvency of the water system 19 types edit experts have defined two types of water scarcity one is physical water scarcity the other is economic water scarcity these terms were first defined in a 2007 study led by the international water management institute this examined the use of water in agriculture over the previous 50 years it aimed to find out if the world had sufficient water resources to produce food for the growing population in the future 4 17 1 physical water scarcity edit physical water scarcity occurs when natural water resources are not enough to meet all demands this includes water needed for ecosystems to function well dry regions often suffer from physical water scarcity human influence on climate has intensified water scarcity in areas where it was already a problem 20 it also occurs where water seems abundant but where resources are over committed one example is overdevelopment of hydraulic infrastructure this can be for irrigation or energy generation there are several symptoms of physical water scarcity they include severe environmental degradation declining groundwater and water allocations favouring some groups over others 17 6 water is scarce in densely populated arid areas these are projected to have less than 1000 cubic meters available per capita per year examples are central and west asia and north africa 3 a study in 2007 found that more than 1 2 billion people live in areas of physical water scarcity 21 this water scarcity relates to water available for food production rather than for drinking water which is a much smaller amount 3 22 some academics propose a separate type of water scarcity termed ecological water scarcity 23 though some publications argue that this falls within the definition of physical water scarcity 17 4 it would focus on the water demand of ecosystems referring to the minimum quantity and quality of water discharge needed to maintain sustainable and functional ecosystems results from a modelling study in 2022 show that northern china suffered more severe ecological water scarcity than southern china the driving factor of ecological water scarcity in most provinces was water pollution rather than human water use 23 economic water scarcity edit people collect clean drinking water from a tapstand in the town of alhan ahammed in western sindh province in pakistan economic water scarcity is due to a lack of investment in infrastructure or technology to draw water from rivers aquifers or other water sources it also reflects insufficient human capacity to meet the demand for water 24 560 it causes people without reliable water access to travel long distances to fetch water for household and agricultural uses such water is often unclean the united nations development programme says economic water scarcity is the most common cause of water scarcity this is because most countries or regions have enough water to meet household industrial agricultural and environmental needs but they lack the means to provide it in an accessible manner 25 around a fifth of the world s population currently live in regions affected by physical water scarcity 25 a quarter of the world s population is affected by economic water scarcity it is a feature of much of sub saharan africa 4 11 so better water infrastructure there could help to reduce poverty investing in water retention and irrigation infrastructure would help increase food production this is especially the case for developing countries that rely on low yield agriculture 26 providing water that is adequate for consumption would also benefit public health 27 this is not only a question of new infrastructure economic and political intervention are necessary to tackle poverty and social inequality the lack of funding means there is a need for planning 28 the emphasis is usually on improving water sources for drinking and domestic purposes but more water is used for purposes such as bathing laundry livestock and cleaning than drinking and cooking 27 this suggests that too much emphasis on drinking water addresses only part of the problem so it can limit the range of solutions available 27 challenges edit lake chad has shrunk by 90 since the 1960s 29 simple indicators edit there are several indicators for measuring water scarcity one is the water use to availability ratio this is also known as the criticality ratio another is the iwmi indicator this measures physical and economic water scarcity another is the water poverty index 8 water stress is a criterion to measure water scarcity experts use it in the context of sustainable development goal 6 10 a report by the fao in 2018 provided a definition of water stress it described it as the ratio between total freshwater withdrawn tfww by all major sectors and total renewable freshwater resources trwr after taking into account environmental flow requirements efr this means that the value for tfww is divided by the difference between trwr minus efr 30 xii environmental flows are water flows required to sustain freshwater and estuarine ecosystems a previous definition in millennium development goal 7 target 7 a was simply the proportion of total water resources used without taking efr into consideration 30 28 this definition sets out several categories for water stress below 10 is low stress 10 20 is low to medium 20 40 medium to high 40 80 high above 80 very high 31 indicators are used to measure the extent of water scarcity 32 one way to measure water scarcity is to calculate the amount of water resources available per person each year one example is the falkenmark water stress indicator this was developed by malin falkenmark this indicator says a country or region experiences water stress when annual water supplies drop below 1 700 cubic meters per person per year 33 levels between 1 700 and 1 000 cubic meters will lead to periodic or limited water shortages when water supplies drop below 1 000 cubic meters per person per year the country faces water scarcity however the falkenmark water stress indicator does not help to explain the true nature of water scarcity 3 renewable freshwater resources edit main article list of countries by total renewable water resources it is also possible to measure water scarcity by looking at renewable freshwater experts use it when evaluating water scarcity this metric can describe the total available water resources each country contains this total available water resource gives an idea of whether a country tends to experience physical water scarcity 34 this metric has a drawback because it is an average precipitation delivers water unevenly across the planet each year so annual renewable water resources vary from year to year this metric does not describe how easy it is for individuals households industries or government to access water lastly this metric gives a description of a whole country so it does not accurately portray whether a country is experiencing water scarcity for example canada and brazil both have very high levels of available water supply but they still face various water related problems 34 some tropical countries in asia and africa have low levels of freshwater resources more sophisticated indicators edit average ecological water scarcity at the provincial level in china 2016 2019 23 water scarcity assessments must include several types of information they include data on green water soil moisture water quality environmental flow requirements globalisation and virtual water trade 8 since the early 2000s water scarcity assessments have used more complex models these benefit from spatial analysis tools green blue water scarcity is one of these footprint based water scarcity assessment is another another is cumulative abstraction to demand ratio which considers temporal variations further examples are lca based water stress indicators and integrated water quantity quality environment flow 8 since the early 2010s assessments have looked at water scarcity from both quantity and quality perspectives 35 a successful assessment will bring together experts from several scientific discipline these include the hydrological water quality aquatic ecosystem science and social science communities 8 available water edit children fetch water from a muddy stream in a rural area during dry season the water is taken back home and undergoes filtration and other treatments before usage global use of freshwater 2016 fao data main articles water resources fresh water and water supply the united nations estimates that only 200 000 cubic kilometers of the total 1 4 bil...
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