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idespread feature in mainland southeast asian linguistic area 26 kui̠³³ to dry with smoke and kui³³ fire smoke ɕi po³¹ yesterday evening and ɕa po³¹ tomorrow evening ŋɔ³³ peppery and ŋa³³ salted tshuŋ³¹ throat and tshuŋ³³ thirsty mtsha¹³ to kill and mtsa³¹ to die a diminutive infix xi³¹ is often found in terms relating to small female animal e g mu³³li cow mu³³xi³¹li small cow mu³³ɕen nanny goat mu³³xi³ɕen small nanny goat 27 bugan nouns display a morphological distinction between free forms and combining forms in free forms the monosyllabic nominal root usually appear with a prefix although their characterization as prefixes is somewhat arbitrary as they never manifest in free isolation or carry any lexical meaning and productive function 28 those dozen or so prefixes in bugan seem to be fossilized retentions of an earlier classification system even if many common ones occur across various noun categories that are difficult to unite semantically 29 pə commonly found in body parʦ kinship nations people made objects or locative nouns pə lai³³ tongue pə bop³¹ bou³¹ head pə khui the han pə mio³¹ the miao hmong pə ʑuŋ ³¹ old people pə poŋ hammer pə ɕi̠ left side tə body parts localities or animals tə qo̱u̱³ palm of the hand tə ɣo inside tə qɔ³³thɔ tiger te plants birds rivers fauna made objects or weather te taŋ moss te ta̱n³³ pumpkin te kɔ̱ŋ³ shrimp pu animals pu laŋ³¹ stallion pu ɕen nanny goat mu³³ plants and female animals mu³³paŋ³¹ peach tree mu³³san pine tree mu³³tsau³³ bitch mu³³laŋ³¹ mare tse birds and made objects tse qa³ duck tse ŋaŋ³ goose tse va̠n³¹ ringnecked pheasant mə³³ ready made tools or objects mə³³tsa³¹ hand straw cutter mə³³dou³³ firewood knife mə³³kua³¹ folk song lə few body parts lə kə³³ lower jaw lə po shoulder di³³ january march or december of the chinese lunar calendar di³³tsaŋ³ january di³³ȵi³¹ february di³³sã¹³ march di³³liã³¹ december mə april november of the chinese lunar calendar mə pau³³ april mə mi³³ may mə bɔ november additionally new lexical words can be formed via compounding there are lexicalized verb noun compounds i e noun incorporation e g tsɔ̱³¹ɕɔ̱³ go hunting derived from tsɔ̱³¹ hunt and ɕɔ̱³ game compounds are generally head first e g biou³³ɣɔ³³ hill rock rock hill karst formation ʑuŋ ³¹ tse³¹ foot mountain foot of mountain although there are few examples in which the modifier precedes the head such as da³ ta̱ɯ̱³ water field rice field 19 copulas edit nala bugan has two copulas generic ni³³ ȵu³³ and negative mə sa̱ŋ ȵu³³ presumably derived from the same root which means do is not frequently used as copula 30 ʔɔ³¹ i ni³³ ȵu³³ cop pə ka̱n³³ bugan ʔɔ³¹ ni³³ ȵu³³ pə ka̱n³³ i cop bugan i am a bugan the preverbal negative mə appears to be deeply connected with a wide array of munda and austroasiatic preverbal negatives otherwise such as the conservative south munda juang finite negative ma gtaʔ ma kharia um gorum ambu 31 bugan li luo 2015 1044 ʔɔ³¹ i mə neg sa̱ŋ cop piau¹³ person pə se³³ guangnan ʔɔ³¹ mə sa̱ŋ piau¹³ pə se³³ i neg cop person guangnan i am not a native of guangnan kharia peterson 2011 kerkeʈʈā 1990 11 am you um neg co na m go mid irr 2sg laʔ ta emot mid pres am um co na m laʔ ta you neg go mid irr 2sg emot mid pres it looks like you won t be going hill gtaʔ anderson 2020 field notes ma bihæ nǝ neg attr marry attr ngire young man ma bihæ nǝ ngire neg attr marry attr young man unmarried young man bachelor sample text edit the following story was narrated by a bugan man named wang zhiyou in manlong dialect manlong village xichou county wenshan prefecture yunnan recorded and translated by li yunbing 2005 32 bugan folklore the sun and the chicken pei² sun tɕaŋ³¹ and tɕa̠² chicken pei² tɕaŋ³¹ tɕa̠² sun and chicken the sun and the chicken tɕaɯ³¹kei before pei² sun kai exist ɕi̠ nine mou na sisters tɕaɯ³¹kei pei² kai ɕi̠ mou na before sun exist nine sisters long ago there were nine suns in the sky xa³¹ sundry ɣɔ̠ stone tɕi̠ then ɣɔ̠ stone ka̠³¹ crack xa³¹ sundry lɯ̠³¹ grass tɕi̠ then lɯ̠³¹ grass tɕo̠u³¹ dry xa³¹ ɣɔ̠ tɕi̠ ɣɔ̠ ka̠³¹ xa³¹ lɯ̠³¹ tɕi̠ lɯ̠³¹ tɕo̠u³¹ sundry stone then stone crack sundry grass then grass dry the heat cracked the rocks and burnt all the grasses and plants xo mɯ ɣi̠³¹ fairy lɛ² add mɯ neg ɣoŋ² bear tu̠³¹ able ma² disc xo mɯ ɣi̠³¹ lɛ² mɯ ɣoŋ² tu̠³¹ ma² fairy add neg bear able disc even the fairy couldn t stand it ɕi̠ then ʑa̠u³¹ go ptsou to qoŋ pond ʑa̠u³¹ go ɕi̠ ʑa̠u³¹ ptsou qoŋ ʑa̠u³¹ then go to pond go and had to get into the pond qa³¹la³¹ then tɕʰaŋ invite pjou³¹ heavenly dog po³¹ come tɕa̠² bite qa³¹la³¹ tɕʰaŋ pjou³¹ po³¹ tɕa̠² then invite heavenly dog come bite she had to ask the heavenly dogs to eat the suns pei² sun ɕi then kou hide loŋ hole ʑa̠u go ma² disc ɕi̠ then pei² ɕi kou loŋ ʑa̠u ma² ɕi̠ sun then hide hole go disc then but the latter went hiding in their burrows la again ȵo̠u do ku³¹ sky ŋa̠² dark ma² disc la ȵo̠u ku³¹ ŋa̠² ma² again do sky dark disc making the sky dark pʰi³¹ call mɯ ȵdʑi what qa² call lɛ add mɯ neg no̠³¹ come ma² disc pʰi³¹ mɯ ȵdʑi qa² lɛ mɯ no̠³¹ ma² call what call add neg come disc the suns refused to come out despite numerous requests from all kinds of animals tɕʰaŋ invite tɕau bamboo chicken qa² call ma² disc qa² call lɛ add tɕʰaŋ tɕau qa² ma² qa² lɛ invite bamboo chicken call disc call add the bamboo chicken was the first to be asked to call the suns out mɯ neg no̠³¹ come ma² disc mɯ no̠³¹ ma² neg come disc but they still hid themselves in their burrows pu dou² later on ma² add tɕa̠² chicken la then qa² call sai again i³¹ it tu exit no̠³¹ come ma² disc pu dou² ma² tɕa̠² la qa² sai i³¹ tu no̠³¹ ma² later on add chicken then call again it exit come disc later on after many attempts the chicken made suns come out tɕau bamboo chicken lɛ̠³¹ shy ma² disc tɕau lɛ̠³¹ ma² bamboo chicken shy disc the bamboo chicken felt embarrassed tɕau bamboo chicken qʰe̠i³¹ run ma² disc ʑo̠ŋ foot ko³¹ a bit la̠ red ma² disc tɕau qʰe̠i³¹ ma² ʑo̠ŋ ko³¹ la̠ ma² bamboo chicken run disc foot a bit red disc and the chicken ran away its feet turning red from running ɣo² since qo then mɯ neg ɕaŋ raise ma² disc i³¹ it qo³¹ then mbjau hill ʑa̠u go ɣo² qo mɯ ɕaŋ ma² i³¹ qo³¹ mbjau ʑa̠u since then neg raise disc it then hill go from then on the bamboo chicken turned into wild birds living in the bush notes edit bugan at ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required gordon raymond g jr ed 2005 ethnologue languages of the world 15th ed dallas summer institute of linguistics buganyu zhōngguó mínzú yǔyán yánjiū wǎng 中国民族语言研究网 in chinese archived from the original on 2012 03 22 guǎngnán xiàn nàsǎ zhèn lóngwāngdòng cūnwěihuì lǎowālóng zìráncūn 广南县那洒镇龙汪洞村委会老挖聋自然村 laowalong natural village longwangdong village committee nasa town guangnan county ynszxc gov cn in chinese archived from the original on 2018 08 15 retrieved 2012 09 23 guǎngnán xiàn nàsǎ zhèn lóngwāngdòng cūnwěihuì xīnwālóng zìráncūn 广南县那洒镇龙汪洞村委会新挖聋自然村 xinwalong natural village longwangdong village committee nasa town guangnan county ynszxc gov cn in chinese archived from the original on 2018 08 15 retrieved 2012 09 23 guǎngnán xiàn nàsǎ zhèn lóngwāngdòng cūnwěihuì nàlà zìráncūn 广南县那洒镇龙汪洞村委会那腊自然村 nala natural village longwangdong village committee nasa town guangnan county ynszxc gov cn in chinese archived from the original on 2016 03 05 retrieved 2012 09 23 guǎngnán xiàn zhuànjiǎo xiāng dàpíng cūnmín wěiyuánhuì jiǔpíng zìráncūn 广南县篆角乡大坪村民委员会九坪自然村 jiuping natural village daping village committee zhuanjiao township guangnan county ynszxc gov cn in chinese archived from the original on 2016 12 20 retrieved 2012 09 23 guǎngnán xiàn zhuànjiǎo xiāng dàpíng cūnmín wěiyuánhuì shíbēipō zìráncūn 广南县篆角乡大坪村民委员会石碑坡自然村 shibeipo natural village daping village committee zhuanjiao township guangnan county ynszxc gov cn in chinese archived from the original on 2016 03 05 retrieved 2012 09 23 xīchóu xiàn jījiē xiāng hǎizi cūnwěihuì mànlóng zìráncūn 西畴县鸡街乡海子村委会曼龙自然村 manlong natural village haizi village committee jijie township xichou county ynszxc gov cn in chinese archived from the original on 2015 04 19 retrieved 2012 09 23 li 1996 li 2006 li 2005 1 2 hsiu 2016 p 11 hsiu 2016 li luo 2015 p 1035 1 2 3 4 li luo 2015 p 1036 1 2 3 li luo 2015 p 1037 hsiu 2016 p 12 1 2 li luo 2015 p 1038 hsiu 2016 p 13 li luo 2015 p 1050 li luo 2015 p 1051 li luo 2015 p 1053 li luo 2015 p 1052 sidwell 2021 p 540 li luo 2015 p 1041 li luo 2015 p 1040 li luo 2015 p 1039 anderson 2021 p 35 li luo 2015 p 1044 anderson 2020 p 176 177 li luo 2015 p 1060 references edit anderson gregory d s 2020 proto munda prosody morphotactics and morphosyntax in south asian and austroasiatic contexts in jenny mathias sidwell paul alves mark eds austroasiatic syntax in areal and diachronic perspective brill pp 157 197 doi 10 1163 9789004425606_008 anderson gregory d s 2021 on the role of areal and genetic factors in the development of the word structure and morphosyntax of the munda languages in mohan shailendra ed advances in munda linguistics cambridge scholars publishing pp 22 77 isbn 978 1527570474 hsiu andrew 2016 a preliminary reconstruction of proto pakanic final term paper for a payap university graduate course doi 10 5281 zenodo 1127812 via zenodo li jinfang 1996 bugan a new mon khmer language of yunnan province china pdf mon khmer studies 26 135 160 li jinfang 李锦芳 2006 xīnán dìqū bīnwēi yǔyán diàochá yánjiū 西南地区濒危语言调查研究 studies on endangered languages in the southwest china in chinese beijing shi zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe li yunbing 李云兵 2005 bùgēngyǔ yánjiū 布赓语研究 a study of bugeng bugan in chinese beijing minzu chubanshe li jinfang luo yongxian 2015 bugan in paul sidwell and mathias jenny eds the handbook of austroasiatic languages leiden brill pp 1033 1064 cite book cs1 maint publisher location link sidwell paul 2021 northern austroasiatic languages of msea the languages and linguistics of mainland southeast asia de gruyter pp 499 546 doi 10 1515 9783110558142 023 v t e languages of china official standard chinese varieties of chinese danzhou mandarin northeastern beijing ji lu jiao liao zhongyuan lan yin jin southwestern sichuanese southeastern gan hakka hui mai min southern hokkien teoswa hainanese eastern puxian central northern shaojiang pinghua shaozhou tuhua shanke wu chu qu jiangshan qingtian quzhou oujiang taihu jinxiang northwestern changzhou hangzhou northern zhejiang ningbo shaoxing su jia hu shanghainese suzhou wuxi taizhou taizhou proper wuzhou jinhua xuanzhou xiang new old yue cantonese regional ars sars cantonese hk mc english hk mongolian nm portuguese mc tibetan xz uyghur xj zhuang gx prefecture hmong kam bouyei tujia korean qiang yi kyrgyz kazakh tai nüa tai lü zaiwa lisu bai hani zhuang counties banners numerous indigenous sino tibetan languages lolo burmese mondzish kathu maang manga mango maza mondzi muangphe burmish achang chashan lashi lhao vo pela xiandao zaiwa loloish hanoish akeu akha amu angluo asuo baihong bisu budu bukong cosao duoni duota enu habei hani honi jino kabie kaduo lami laomian laopin mpi muda nuobi nuomei phana piyo qidi sadu sangkong suobi tsukong woni yiche lisoish eka hlersu kua nsi kuamasi laizisi lalo lamu lavu lawu limi lipo lisu lolopo mangdi micha mili sonaga toloza xuzhang yangliu zibusi nisoish alingpo alugu aluo axi azha azhe bokha gepo khlula lope moji muji muzi nasu nisu nuosu phala phola phowa phukha phuma phupa phupha phuza samei sani thopho zokhuo other gokhy katso kucong lahu naruo namuyi naxi nusu samu sanie zauzou qiangic baima choyo ersu guiqiong horpa japhug khroskyabs laze lizu na muya namuyi naxi pumi northern qiang southern qiang shixing situ tshobdun zbu zhaba tibetic amdo baima basum central tibetan choni dao dongwang drugchu groma gserpa khalong khams kyirong ladakhi tseku zhongu zitsadegu other bai caijia derung jingpo longjia nung tujia waxianghua other languages austroasiatic auva avala bit blang bolyu bugan bumang hu kuan mang man met muak sa aak palaung riang u va northern southern wa hmong mien hmongic a hmao bu nao gejia guiyang hm nai hmong hmu huishui kiong nai luobohe mashan pa hng pa na pingtang qo xiong raojia sanqiao sheyu small flowery xixiu younuo mienic biao min dzao min iu mien kim mun mongolic bonan buryat daur eastern yugur kangjia khamnigan monguor oirat ordos santa torgut kra dai zhuang bouyei dai min ningming nong tai dam tai dón tai hongjin tai lü tai nüa tai ya yang yei other ai cham biao buyang cao miao chadong cun gelao hlai jiamao kam lakkja mak maonan mulam naxi yao ong be paha qabiao sui then tungusic evenki manchu nanai oroqen xibe turkic äynu fuyu kyrgyz ili turki salar western yugur other sarikoli indo european tsat austronesian formosan languages austronesian minority kazakh korean kyrgyz russian esperanto tatar tuvan uzbek vietnamese kinh wakhi creole mixed e hezhou lingling macanese maojia qoqmončaq tangwang wutun extinct ba shu jie khitan old yue rouran saka tangut tocharian tuoba tuyuhun xianbei zhangzhung sign chinese sign hong kong sign tibetan sign gx guangxi hk hong kong mc macau nm inner mongolia xj xinjiang xz tibet v t e austroasiatic languages bahnaric north jeh halang kayong kacoʼ takua monom todrah sedang bahnar rengao hrê duan katua west lavi jru laven su juk nyaheun sapuan oi brao central alak tariang tampuan south chrau koho stieng raʼong mnong mel khaonh thmon others cua east katuic west kuy bru katu katu phuong others pacoh ta oi vietic viet muong vietnamese northern thanh hóa huế southern vi in china vi in the us mường nguồn chut arem mày ruc sach kri maleng kri thavưng phong liha phong liha others cuối khmuic phay pram prai mal ksingmul oʼdu phong kniang others khmu mlabri pearic pear western chong central central chong samre kasong southern suoi sa och others somray northern chong western chong khasi palaungic khasic khasi pnar lyngngam khasi pnar lyngngam maharam others war palaungic west palaung riang east angkuic hu u man met mok muak va north va south va auva avala waic blang lawa wa meung yum savaiq bit khang bit quảng lâm kháng bumang lamet lamet kiorr others kuan danau tai loi munda north korku kherwarian mundaric korwa asur birjia birhor ho mundari bhumij koda majhwar turi agariya santalic santali kol south sora gorum gorum sora juray lodhi gutob remo bonda gutob others gtaʼ juang kharia nicobarese car chaura teresa chaura teressa central nancowry camorta katchal southern southern nicobarese shompen aslian jahaic northern batek cheq wong jahai jedek kensiu kintaq minriq mintil ten edn wila senoic central lanoh sabüm semai semnam temiar semelaic southern mah meri semaq beri semelai temoq others jah hut kenaboi pakanic bolyu bugan others khmer northern khmer surin khmer western khmer chanthaburi khmer khmer khe mảng monic mon nyah kur proto languages proto austroasiatic proto palaungic proto khmeric proto aslian proto munda italics indicate extinct languages languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title bugan_language oldid 13...
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