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ft between the revolutionary generation and younger iranians who find it impossible to understand what their parents were so passionate about 324 to honor the 40th anniversary of revolution around 50 000 prisoners were forgiven by order ali khamenei to receive islamic clemency 325 326 327 many religious minorities such as christians baháʼís jews and zoroastrians have had to flee iran since the islamic revolution of 1979 328 329 literacy has continued to increase under the islamic republic 330 331 by 2002 illiteracy rates dropped by more than half 332 333 maternal and infant mortality rates have also been cut significantly 334 population growth was first encouraged but discouraged after 1988 335 overall iran s human development index rating has climbed significantly from 0 569 in 1980 to 0 732 in 2002 on a par with neighbouring turkey 336 337 in the latest hdi however iran has since fallen 8 ranks below turkey 338 politics and government main article politics of iran iran has elected governmental bodies at the national provincial and local levels although these bodies are subordinate to theocracy which has veto power over who can run for parliament or islamic consultative assembly and whether its bills can become law they have more power than equivalent organs in the shah s government iran s sunni minority about 8 has seen some unrest 339 five of the 290 parliamentary seats are allocated to their communities 340 the members of the baháʼí faith have been declared heretical and subversive 341 while persecution occurred before the revolution since then more than 200 baháʼís have been executed or presumed killed and many more have been imprisoned deprived of jobs pensions businesses and educational opportunities baháʼí holy places have been confiscated vandalized or destroyed more recently baháʼís in iran have been deprived of education and work several thousand young baháʼís between the ages of 17 and 24 have been expelled from universities whether the islamic republic has brought more or less severe political repression is disputed grumbling once done about the tyranny and corruption of the shah and his court is now directed against the mullahs 342 fear of savak has been replaced by fear of revolutionary guards and other religious revolutionary enforcers 230 violations of human rights by the theocratic government is said to be worse than during the monarchy 343 and in any case extremely grave 344 reports of torture imprisonment of dissidents and the murder of prominent critics have been made by human rights groups censorship is handled by the ministry of culture and islamic guidance without whose official permission no books or magazines are published no audiotapes are distributed no movies are shown and no cultural organization is established men and women are not allowed to dance or swim with each other 345 women see also women s rights in iran women s rights movement in iran and 1979 international women s day protests in tehran throughout the beginning of the 20th century and prior to the revolution many women leaders emerged and demanded basic social rights for women 346 during the reign of reza shah the government mandated the removal of the veil and promoted the education of young girls 346 however the push back of the shia clerics made progress difficult and the government had to contain its promotion of basic women s rights to the norms of the patriarchal social hierarchy to accommodate the clerics 346 after the abdication of reza shah in 1941 the discipline of the government decreased and women were able to further exercise their rights including the ability to wear the veil if they wanted 346 more organization of women s groups occurred in the 1960s and 70s and they used the government s modernization to define and advocate for women s issues 346 during these decades women became active in formerly male domains such as the parliament the cabinet armed forces legal professions and fields of science and technology 346 additionally women achieved the right to vote in 1963 346 many of these achievements and rights that iranian women had gained in the decades leading up to the revolution were reversed by the islamic revolution 346 the revolutionary government rewrote laws in an attempt to force women to leave the workforce by promoting the early retirement of female government employees the closing of childcare centers enforcing full islamic cover in offices and public places as well as preventing women from studying in 140 fields in higher education 346 women fought back against these changes and as activist and writer mahnaz afkhami writes the regime succeeded in putting women back in the veil in public places but not in resocializing them into fundamentalist norms 346 after the revolution women often had to work hard to support their families as the post revolutionary economy suffered 346 women also asserted themselves in the arts literature education and politics 346 women especially those from traditional backgrounds participated on a large scale in demonstrations leading up to the revolution 347 they were encouraged by ayatollah khomeini to join him in overthrowing the pahlavi dynasty 202 however most of these women expected the revolution to lead to an increase in their rights and opportunities rather than the restrictions that actually occurred 202 the policy enacted by the revolutionary government and its attempts to limit the rights of women were challenged by the mobilization and politicization of women that occurred during and after the revolution 202 women s resistance included remaining in the work force in large numbers and challenging islamic dress by showing hair under their head scarves 202 the iranian government has had to reconsider and change aspects of its policies towards women because of their resistance to laws that restrict their rights 202 since the revolution university enrollment and the number of women in the civil service and higher education has risen note 12 and several women have been elected to the iranian parliament homosexuality see also lgbtq history in iran and lgbtq rights in iran when ruhollah khomeini came to power in 1979 he called for homosexuals to be exterminated 349 and one of his first political actions was to institute imprisonment corporal punishment and the death penalty for any sexual acts outside traditional islamic heterosexual marriage in a 1979 interview with the new york times a journalist asked khomeini to justify the state sanctioned shootings of homosexuals in reply khomeini compared them as well as other adulterers to gangrene thieves and murderers 350 iran is currently one of the world s only jurisdictions to actively execute gay men 351 352 353 amnesty international reports that approximately 5 000 homosexuals have been executed in iran since the revolution 354 economic impact see also economy of iran and united states sanctions against iran iran s post revolutionary economy has a significant state owned or parastatal sector including businesses owned by the revolutionary guards and bonyad foundations 355 356 since the revolution iran s gdp ppp has grown from 114 billion in 1980 to 858 billion in 2010 357 gdp per capita ppp has grown from 4 295 in 1980 to 11 396 in 2010 357 since the revolution iran s gdp nominal has grown from 90 392 billion in 1979 to 385 874 in 2015 358 gdp per capita nominal has grown from 2290 in 1979 to 5470 in 2016 359 real gni per capita in 2011 constant international dollars decreased after the revolution and during the iran iraq war from 7762 in 1979 to 3699 at the end of the war in 1989 after three decades of reconstruction and growth since then it has not yet reached its 1979 level and has only recovered to 6751 in 2016 360 data on gni per capita in ppp terms is only available since 1990 globally in ppp terms gni per capita has increased from int 11 425 in 1990 to int 18 544 in 2016 but most of this increase can be attributed to the rise in oil prices in the 2000s 361 the value of iran s currency declined precipitously after the revolution whereas on 15 march 1978 71 46 rials equaled one us dollar in january 2018 44 650 rials amounted to one dollar 362 the economy has become slightly more diversified since the revolution with 80 of iranian gdp dependent on oil and gas as of 2010 363 the islamic republic lags some countries in transparency and ease of doing business according to international surveys transparency international ranked iran 136th out of 175 countries in transparency i e lack of corruption for its 2014 index 355 and the iri was ranked 130th out of the 189 countries surveyed in the world bank 2015 doing business report 364 islamic political culture it is said by whom that there were attempts to incorporate modern political and social concepts into islamic canon since 1950 the attempt was a reaction to the secular political discourse namely marxism liberalism and nationalism following the death of ayatollah boroujerdi some of the scholars like murtaza mutahhari muhammad beheshti and mahmoud taleghani found new opportunity to change conditions before them boroujerdi was considered a conservative marja they tried to reform conditions after the death of the ayatollah they presented their arguments by rendering lectures in 1960 and 1963 in tehran the result of the lectures was the book an inquiry into principles of mar jaiyat some of the major issues highlighted were the government in islam the need for the clergy s independent financial organization islam as a way of life advising and guiding youth and necessity of being community allameh tabatabei refers to velayat as a political philosophy for shia and velayat faqih for shia community there are also other attempts to formulate a new attitude of islam such as the publication of three volumes of maktab tashayyo also some believe that it is indispensable to revive the religious gathered in hoseyniyeh e ershad to expand this revolution many cleric s from several nation are working hard from pakistan allama syed jawad naqvi is the prominent shia cleric defending and promoting islamic revolution and the ideology of wilayat faqeeh 365 depictions in western media main article list of iranian revolution films whirlwind a novel by james clavell 1986 portrays the events in february and march 1979 involving the characters from the fictional company noble house most of the locations in the novel are real and historical personalities are frequently mentioned in the background story argo starring ben affleck dramatizes the execution of the canadian caper during the iranian hostage crisis house of sand and fog starring jennifer connelly is a fictional portrayal of an exiled iranian military officer and his family persepolis is an autobiographical series of comics by marjane satrapi first published in 2000 that depicts the author s childhood in iran during and after the islamic revolution the 2007 animated film persepolis is based upon on it septembers of shiraz is a movie about an iranian jewish family after creating a prosperous life in iran they may be forced to abandon everything as a revolution looms on the horizon it is based on the 2007 novel the septembers of shiraz by dalia sofer 1979 revolution black friday a 2016 video game set in the backdrop of the iranian revolution iran and the west a three part british documentary series shown in february 2009 on the bbc see also iran portal islam portal history portal modern history portal politics portal 1970s portal revolution related topics 1979 oil crisis background and causes of the iranian revolution civil resistance conspiracy theories about the iranian revolution fajr decade guadeloupe conference history of iran history of the islamic republic of iran iran hostage crisis islamic fundamentalism in iran jimmy carter s engagement with ruhollah khomeini non cooperation movement 2024 organizations of the iranian revolution preference falsification russian revolution timeline of the iranian revolution white revolution related conflicts 1953 iranian coup d état 1979 qatif uprising iran iraq war 1983 1986 kurdish rebellions in iraq list of modern conflicts in the middle east persian constitutional revolution general human rights in the islamic republic of iran international rankings of iran island of stability speech left wing guerrilla groups of iran people s mojahedin organization of iran persecution of baháʼís women s rights in iran references notes see names section persian انقلاب ایران enqelâb e irân ʔeɴɢeˌlɒːbe ʔiːɾɒːn انقلاب اسلامی enqelâb e eslâmī 40 according to kurzman scholars writing on the revolution who have mentioned this include gary sick 41 michael m j fischer 42 nikkie r keddie 43 shaul bakhash 44 see velayat e faqih book by khomeini importance of islamic government marxist guerrillas groups were the organization of iranian people s fedai guerrillas oipfg and the breakaway iranian people s fedai guerrillas ipfg and some minor groups 97 see hokumat e islami velayat e faqih book by khomeini why has islamic government not been established researcher emad al din baghi at the martyrs foundation bonyad shahid counted 2 781 protesters killed in 1978 79 a total of 3 164 killed between 1963 and 1979 for example islamic republic party and allied forces controlled approximately 80 of the seats on the assembly of experts of constitution 214 an impressive margin even allowing for electoral manipulation opposition included some clerics including ayatollah mohammad kazem shariatmadari and by secularists such as the national front who urged a boycott example secular iranian writers of the early 1980s most of whom supported the revolution lamented the course it eventually took 318 it reached 66 in 2003 348 citations yarshater ehsan 2004 iran ii iranian history 2 islamic period page 6 in yarshater ehsan ed encyclopædia iranica vol xiii 3 iran ii iranian history iran v peoples of iran london and new york routledge kegan paul pp 243 246 isbn 978 0 933273 89 4 fear of the shah and his regime had disappeared and anti government and pro khomeini demonstrations escalated with the soldiers refusing to shoot the offenders who went on a rampage burning cinemas and destroying banks and some government buildings chalcraft john 2016 the iranian revolution of 1979 popular politics in the making of the modern middle east cambridge university press p 445 isbn 978 1 107 00750 5 thirty seven days by a caretaker regime which collapsed on 11 february when guerillas and rebel troops overwhelmed troops loyal to the shah in armed street fighting iranian revolution summary causes effects facts encyclopædia britannica 7 august 2025 retrieved 18 august 2025 1 2 3 rubin barry 1980 paved with good intentions the america experience and iran 1st ed great britian oxford university press isbn 9780140059649 1 2 gölz 2017 p 229 taylor jack how britain crushed democracy in iran tribune retrieved 16 june 2025 cia admits 1953 iranian coup it backed was undemocr...
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