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le monitoring or management the rise in demand for shark products increases pressure on fisheries 44 major declines in shark stocks have been recorded some species have been depleted by over 90 over the past 20 30 years with population declines of 70 not unusual 145 a study by the international union for conservation of nature suggests that one quarter of all known species of sharks and rays are threatened by extinction and 25 species were classified as critically endangered 146 147 shark culling main article shark culling in 2014 a shark cull in western australia killed dozens of sharks mostly tiger sharks using drum lines 148 until it was cancelled after public protests and a decision by the western australia epa from 2014 to 2017 there was an imminent threat policy in western australia in which sharks that threatened humans in the ocean were shot and killed 149 this imminent threat policy was criticized by senator rachel siewart for killing endangered sharks 150 the imminent threat policy was cancelled in march 2017 151 in august 2018 the western australia government announced a plan to re introduce drum lines though this time the drum lines are smart drum lines 152 from 1962 to the present 153 the government of queensland has targeted and killed sharks in large numbers by using drum lines under a shark control program this program has also inadvertently killed large numbers of other animals such as dolphins it has also killed endangered hammerhead sharks 154 155 156 157 queensland s drum line program has been called outdated cruel and ineffective 157 from 2001 to 2018 a total of 10 480 sharks were killed on lethal drum lines in queensland including in the great barrier reef 158 from 1962 to 2018 roughly 50 000 sharks were killed by queensland authorities 159 the government of new south wales has a program that deliberately kills sharks using nets 156 160 the current net program in new south wales has been described as being extremely destructive to marine life including sharks 161 between 1950 and 2008 352 tiger sharks and 577 great white sharks were killed in the nets in new south wales also during this period a total of 15 135 marine animals were killed in the nets including dolphins whales turtles dugongs and critically endangered grey nurse sharks 162 there has been a very large decrease in the number of sharks in eastern australia and the shark killing programs in queensland and new south wales are partly responsible for this decrease 159 kwazulu natal an area of south africa has a shark killing program using nets and drum lines these nets and drum lines have killed turtles and dolphins and have been criticized for killing wildlife 163 during a 30 year period more than 33 000 sharks have been killed in kwazulu natal s shark killing program during the same 30 year period 2 211 turtles 8 448 rays and 2 310 dolphins were killed in kwazulu natal 163 authorities on the french island of réunion kill about 100 sharks per year 164 killing sharks negatively affects the marine ecosystem 165 166 jessica morris of humane society international calls shark culling a knee jerk reaction and says sharks are top order predators that play an important role in the functioning of marine ecosystems we need them for healthy oceans 167 george h burgess the former 168 director of the international shark attack file describes shark culling as a form of revenge satisfying a public demand for blood and little else 169 he also said shark culling is a retro type move reminiscent of what people would have done in the 1940s and 50s back when we didn t have an ecological conscience and before we knew the consequences of our actions 169 jane williamson an associate professor in marine ecology at macquarie university says there is no scientific support for the concept that culling sharks in a particular area will lead to a decrease in shark attacks and increase ocean safety 170 other threats other threats include habitat alteration damage and loss from coastal development pollution and the impact of fisheries on the seabed and prey species 171 the 2007 documentary sharkwater exposed how sharks are being hunted to extinction 172 conservation further information list of threatened sharks and shark sanctuary in 1991 south africa was the first country in the world to declare great white sharks a legally protected species 173 however the kwazulu natal sharks board is allowed to kill great white sharks in its shark control program in eastern south africa 163 intending to ban the practice of shark finning while at sea the united states congress passed the shark finning prohibition act in 2000 174 two years later the act saw its first legal challenge in united states v approximately 64 695 pounds of shark fins in 2008 a federal appeals court ruled that a loophole in the law allowed non fishing vessels to purchase shark fins from fishing vessels while on the high seas 175 seeking to close the loophole the shark conservation act was passed by congress in december 2010 and it was signed into law in january 2011 176 177 in 2003 the european union introduced a general shark finning ban for all vessels of all nationalities in union waters and for all vessels flying a flag of one of its member states 178 this prohibition was amended in june 2013 to close remaining loopholes 179 in 2009 the international union for conservation of nature s iucn red list of endangered species named 64 species one third of all oceanic shark species as being at risk of extinction due to fishing and shark finning 180 181 in 2010 the convention on international trade in endangered species cites rejected proposals from the united states and palau that would have required countries to strictly regulate trade in several species of scalloped hammerhead oceanic whitetip and spiny dogfish sharks the majority but not the required two thirds of voting delegates approved the proposal china by far the world s largest shark market and japan which battles all attempts to extend the convention to marine species led the opposition 182 183 in march 2013 three endangered commercially valuable sharks the hammerheads the oceanic whitetip and porbeagle were added to appendix 2 of cites bringing shark fishing and commerce of these species under licensing and regulation 184 in 2010 greenpeace international added the school shark shortfin mako shark mackerel shark tiger shark and spiny dogfish to its seafood red list a list of common supermarket fish that are often sourced from unsustainable fisheries 185 advocacy group shark trust campaigns to limit shark fishing advocacy group seafood watch directs american consumers to not eat sharks 186 under the auspices of the convention on the conservation of migratory species of wild animals cms also known as the bonn convention the memorandum of understanding on the conservation of migratory sharks was concluded and came into effect in march 2010 it was the first global instrument concluded under cms and aims at facilitating international coordination for the protection conservation and management of migratory sharks through multilateral intergovernmental discussion and scientific research in july 2013 new york state a major market and entry point for shark fins banned the shark fin trade joining seven other states of the united states and the three pacific u s territories in providing legal protection to sharks 187 in the united states and as of january 16 2019 12 states including massachusetts maryland delaware california illinois hawaii oregon nevada rhode island washington new york and texas along with 3 u s territories american samoa guam and the northern mariana islands have passed laws against the sale or possession of shark fins 188 189 several regions now have shark sanctuaries or have banned shark fishing these regions include american samoa the bahamas the cook islands french polynesia guam the maldives the marshall islands micronesia the northern mariana islands and palau 190 191 192 in april 2020 researchers reported to have traced the origins of shark fins of endangered hammerhead sharks from a retail market in hong kong back to their source populations and therefore the approximate locations where the sharks were first caught using dna analysis 193 194 in july 2020 scientists reported results of a survey of 371 reefs in 58 nations estimating the conservation status of reef sharks globally no sharks have been observed on almost 20 of the surveyed reefs and shark depletion was strongly associated with both socio economic conditions and conservation measures 195 196 sharks are considered to be a vital part of the ocean ecosystem according to a 2021 study in nature 197 overfishing has resulted in a 71 global decline in the number of oceanic sharks and rays over the preceding 50 years the oceanic whitetip and both the scalloped hammerhead and great hammerheads are now classified as critically endangered 198 sharks in tropical waters have declined more rapidly than those in temperate zones during the period studied 199 a 2021 study published in current biology found that overfishing is currently driving over one third of sharks and rays to extinction 200 see also fish portal sharks portal arthrodira list of sharks list of prehistoric cartilaginous fish genera osteichthyes marine vertebrate outline of sharks shark meat references citations nelson joseph schieser 2016 fishes of the world fifth ed hoboken new jersey john wiley sons pp 56 58 isbn 978 1 119 17484 4 andreev plamen coates michael i karatajūtė talimaa valentina shelton richard m cooper paul r wang nian zhong sansom ivan j 2016 06 16 the systematics of the mongolepidida chondrichthyes and the ordovician origins of the clade peerj 4 e1850 doi 10 7717 peerj 1850 pmc 4918221 pmid 27350896 marjanović david 12 may 2021 the making of calibration sausage exemplified by recalibrating the transcriptomic timetree of jawed vertebrates frontiers in genetics 12 521693 doi 10 3389 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