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the revolution 225 serving under the pasdaran are the baseej e mostaz afin volunteers in everything from earthquake emergency management to attacking opposition demonstrators and newspaper offices 226 the islamic republican party 227 then fought to establish a theocratic government by velayat e faqih thousands of komiteh or revolutionary committees 228 served as the eyes and ears of the new rule and are credited by critics with many arbitrary arrests executions and confiscations of property 229 also enforcing the will of the government were the hezbollahi the party of god strong arm thugs who attacked demonstrators and offices of newspapers critical of khomeini 230 two major political groups that formed after the fall of the shah that clashed with and were eventually suppressed by pro khomeini groups were the moderate religious muslim people s republican party mprp which was associated with grand mohammad kazem shariatmadari and the secular leftist national democratic front ndf 1979 ethnic uprisings further information 1979 khuzestan insurgency and 1979 kurdish rebellion in iran following the events of the revolution marxist guerrillas and federalist parties revolted in some regions comprising khuzistan kurdistan and gonbad e qabus which resulted in fighting between them and revolutionary forces these revolts began in april 1979 and lasted between several months to over a year depending on the region establishment of islamic republic government referendum of 12 farvardin main article 1979 iranian islamic republic referendum on 30 and 31 march farvardin 10 11 a referendum was held over whether to replace the monarchy with an islamic republic khomeini called for a massive turnout 231 and only the national democratic front fadayan and several kurdish parties opposed the vote 231 the results showed that 98 2 had voted in favor of the islamic republic 231 writing of the constitution main articles assembly for the final review of the constitution 1979 iranian constitutional assembly election 1979 iranian constitutional referendum and interim government of iran 1979 80 in june 1979 the freedom movement released its draft constitution for the islamic republic that it had been working on since khomeini was in exile it included a guardian council to veto un islamic legislation but had no guardian jurist ruler 232 leftists found the draft too conservative and in need of major changes but khomeini declared it correct 233 to approve the new constitution and prevent leftist alterations a relatively small seventy three member assembly of experts for constitution was elected that summer critics complained that vote rigging violence against undesirable candidates and the dissemination of false information was used to produce an assembly overwhelmingly dominated by clergy all took active roles during the revolution and loyal to khomeini 234 khomeini and the assembly now rejected the constitution its correctness notwithstanding and khomeini declared that the new government should be based 100 on islam 235 in addition to the president the new constitution included a more powerful post of guardian jurist ruler intended for khomeini 236 with control of the military and security services and power to appoint several top government and judicial officials it increased the power and number of clerics on the council of guardians and gave it control over elections 237 as well as laws passed by the legislature the new constitution was also approved overwhelmingly by the december 1979 constitutional referendum but with more opposition note 10 and smaller turnout 238 hostage crisis main article iran hostage crisis in late october 1979 the exiled and dying shah was admitted into the united states for cancer treatment in iran there was an immediate outcry and both khomeini and leftist groups demanded the shah s return to iran for trial and execution on 4 november 1979 youthful islamists calling themselves muslim student followers of the imam s line invaded the us embassy compound in tehran and seized its staff revolutionaries were angry because of how the shah had left iran which spawned rumors of another us backed coup in iran that would re install him the occupation was also intended as leverage to demand the return of the shah to stand trial in exchange for the hostages and depose prime minister mehdi bazargan who they believed was plotting to normalize relations with the us the students held 52 american diplomats hostage for 444 days which played a role in helping to pass the constitution suppressing moderates and otherwise radicalising the revolution 239 holding the hostages was very popular and continued even after the death of the shah as khomeini explained to his future president banisadr this action has many benefits this has united our people our opponents do not dare act against us we can put the constitution to the people s vote without difficulty 240 with great publicity the students released documents from the american embassy which they labeled a den of spies 241 showing that moderate iranian leaders had met with us officials and did not release similar evidence of high ranking islamists having done the same 242 among the casualties of the hostage crisis was prime minister bazargan and his government who resigned in november unable to enforce the government s order to release the hostages 243 the prestige of khomeini and the hostage taking was further enhanced with the failure of a hostage rescue attempt widely credited to divine intervention 244 the hostage crisis ended with the signing of the algiers accords in algeria on 19 january 1981 the hostages were formally released to united states custody the following day just minutes after ronald reagan was sworn in as the new american president suppression of opposition see also nojeh coup plot a revolutionary firing squad in 27 august 1979 khomeini and his followers claimed sole credit for the revolution sidelining other revolutionary groups this was possible due to the regime s control over public opinion and historical narrative 245 in early march 1979 khomeini announced do not use this term democratic that is the western style giving pro democracy liberals and later leftists a taste of disappointments to come 231 in succession the national democratic front was banned in august 1979 the provisional government was disempowered in november the muslim people s republican party was banned in january 1980 the people s mujahedin of iran guerrillas came under attack in february 1980 a purge of universities started in march 1980 and the liberal islamist president abolhassan banisadr was impeached in june 1981 246 executed generals of the imperial iranian army reza naji mehdi rahimi and manouchehr khosrodad after the revolution human rights groups estimated the number of casualties suffered by protesters and prisoners of the new system to be several thousand the first to be executed were members of the old system senior generals followed by over 200 senior civilian officials 247 as punishment and to eliminate the danger of a coup d état brief trials lacking defense attorneys juries transparency or the opportunity for the accused to defend themselves 248 were held by revolutionary judges such as sadegh khalkhali the sharia judge by january 1980 at least 582 persons had been executed 249 among those executed was amir abbas hoveida former prime minister of iran 250 between january 1980 and june 1981 when bani sadr was impeached at least 900 executions took place 251 for everything from drug and sexual offenses to corruption on earth from plotting counter revolution and spying for israel to membership in opposition groups 252 the 1981 1982 massacre see also 1981 1982 iran massacres between june 1981 and march 1982 the theocratic regime carried out the largest political massacre in iranian history targeting communists socialists social democrats liberals monarchists moderate islamists and members of the baha i faith as part of the iranian cultural revolution decreed by khomeini on 14 june 1980 with the intent of purifying iranian society of non islamic elements 253 between june 1981 and june 1982 amnesty international documented 2 946 executions with several thousand more killed in the next two years according to the anti government guerilla people s mujahedin of iran 254 more recently rastyad collective has verified the identities of more than 3 400 political dissidents who were executed between june 1981 and march 1982 255 256 these dissidents were sentenced to death by the islamic revolutionary courts during show trials in more than eighty five cities across the country on charges of spreading corruption on earth ifsad fi alarz espionage terrorism or enmity against allah moharebeh 253 most victims of the 1981 massacre were young activists aged eleven to twenty four these activists were either high school students or had recently graduated from universities in iran and abroad during the massacre hundreds of minors were also subjected to arbitrary detention torture and summary executions on ideologically motivated charges of ifsad fi alarz and moharebeh by the revolutionary courts 255 253 257 in july 2024 the special rapporteur published a landmark un report on the 1981 massacre and categorised the atrocity crimes committed in 1981 and 1982 as genocide and crimes against humanity in this report the rapporteur called for the establishment of an independent and international accountability mechanism 258 closing of non islamist newspapers in mid august 1979 shortly after the election of the constitution writing assembly several dozen newspapers and magazines opposing khomeini s idea of theocratic rule by jurists were shut down 259 260 261 when protests were organized by the national democratic front ndf khomeini angrily denounced them saying we thought we were dealing with human beings it is evident we are not 262 after each revolution several thousand of these corrupt elements are executed in public and burnt and the story is over they are not allowed to publish newspapers 262 hundreds were injured by rocks clubs chains and iron bars when hezbollahi attacked the protesters 260 and shortly after a warrant was issued for the arrest of the ndf s leader 263 muslim people s republican party kazem shariatmadari and ayatollah khomeini in december the moderate islamic party muslim people s republican party mprp and its spiritual leader mohammad kazem shariatmadari had become a rallying point for iranians who wanted democracy not theocracy 264 riots broke out in shariatmadari s azeri home region with members of the mprp and shariatmadari s followers seizing the tabriz television station and using it to broadcast demands and grievances the regime reacted quickly sending revolutionary guards to retake the tv station mediators to defuse complaints and activists to stage a massive pro khomeini counter demonstration 265 the party was suppressed 264 and in 1982 shariatmadari was demoted from the rank of grand ayatollah and many of his clerical followers were purged 266 islamist left main article socialism in iran in january 1980 abolhassan banisadr was elected president of iran though an adviser to khomeini he was a leftist who clashed with another ally of khomeini the theocratic islamic republic party irp the controlling power in the new parliament 267 at the same time erstwhile revolutionary allies of khomeini the islamist modernist guerrilla group people s mujahedin of iran the mek were being suppressed by khomeini s forces khomeini attacked the mek referring to them as monafeqin hypocrites and kafer unbelievers 268 hezbollahi people attacked meeting places bookstores and newsstands of mujahideen and other leftists 269 driving them underground universities were closed to purge them of opponents of theocratic rule as a part of the cultural revolution and 20 000 teachers and nearly 8 000 military officers deemed too westernized were dismissed 270 by mid 1981 matters came to a head an attempt by khomeini to forge a reconciliation between banisadr and irp leaders had failed 271 and now it was banisadr who was the rallying point for all doubters and dissidents of the theocracy including the mek 272 when leaders of the national front called for a demonstration in june 1981 in favor of banisadr khomeini threatened its leaders with the death penalty for apostasy if they did not repent 273 leaders of the freedom movement of iran were compelled to make and publicly broadcast apologies for supporting the front s appeal 273 those attending the rally were menaced by hezbollahi and revolutionary guards and intimidated into silence 274 on 28 june 1981 a bombing of the office of the irp killed around 70 high ranking officials cabinet members and members of parliament including mohammad beheshti the secretary general of the party and head of the islamic republic s judicial system the government arrested thousands and there were hundreds of executions against the mek and its followers 275 despite these and other assassinations 227 the hoped for mass uprising and armed struggle against the khomeiniists was crushed in may 1979 the furqan group guruh i furqan assassinated an important lieutenant of khomeini morteza motahhari 276 impacts international impact further information 1979 oil crisis internationally the initial impact of the revolution was immense in the non muslim world it changed the image of islam generating much interest in islam both sympathetic 277 and hostile 278 and even speculation that the revolution might change the world balance of power more than any political event since hitler s conquest of europe 279 the islamic republic positioned itself as a revolutionary beacon under the slogan neither east nor west only islamic republic na sharq na gharb faqat jumhuri e islami i e neither soviet nor american west european models and called for the overthrow of capitalism american influence and social injustice in the middle east and the rest of the world revolutionary leaders in iran gave and sought support from non muslim activists such as the sandinistas in nicaragua the irish republican army ira in ireland and the anti apartheid struggle in south africa even favoring far left revolutionaries over islamist but ideologically different and strategically harmful causes such as the neighboring afghan mujahideen 280 in terms of future relevance the conflicts that originated from the iranian revolution continued to define geo politics for the following decades 281 the revolution itself was supported by the palestine liberation organization plo 282 chairman yasser arafat visited tehran in february 1979 and received a commitment from ayatollah khomeini that iran would promptly turn to the issue of victory over israel while arafat cited how the revolution in iran had turned upside down the area s strategic balance including through the plo s support of underground fighters in iran 283 in february 1981 the islamic republi...
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