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mr dickinson however was determined to bear his testimony against it with more formality he had prepared himself apparently with great labour and ardent zeal and in a speech of great length and all his eloquence he combined together all that had before been written in pamphlets and news papers and all that had from time to time been said in congress by himself and others he conducted the debate not only with great ingenuity and eloquence but with equal politeness and candour and was answered in the same spirit no member rose to answer him and after waiting some in hopes that some one less obnoxious than myself who was still had been all along for a year before and still was represented and believed to be the author of all the mischief i determined to speak it has been said by some of our historians that i began by an invocation to the god of eloquence this is a misrepresentation nothing so puerile as this fell from me i began by saying that this was the first time of my life that i had ever wished for the talents and eloquence of the ancient orators of greece and rome for i was very sure that none of them ever had before him a question of more importance to his country and to the world they would probably upon less occasions than this have begun by solemn invocations to their divinities for assistance but the question before me appeared so simple that i had confidence enough in the plain understanding and common sense that had been given me to believe that i could answer to the satisfaction of the house all the arguments which had been produced notwithstanding the abilities which had been displayed and the eloquence with which they had been enforced mr dickinson some years afterwards published his speech i had made no preparation beforehand and never committed any minutes of mine to writing before the final question was put the new delegates from new jersey came in and mr stockton one of them dr witherspoon and mr hopkinson a very respectable characters expressed a great desire to hear the arguments all was silence no one would speak all eyes were turned upon me mr edward rutledge came to me and said laughing nobody will speak but you upon this subject you have all the topicks so ready that you must satisfy the gentlemen from new jersey i answered him laughing that it had so much the air of exhibiting like an actor or gladiator for the entertainment of the audience that i was ashamed to repeat what i had said twenty times before and i thought nothing new could be advanced by me the new jersey gentlemen however still insisting on hearing at least a recapitulation of the arguments and no other gentleman being willing to speak i summed up the reasons objections and answers in as concise a manner as i could till at length the jersey gentlemen said they were fully satisfied and ready for the question which was then put and determined in the affirmative viii journals of congress containing the proceedings from january 1 1776 to january 1 1777 york town pa printed by john dunlap 1778 520 xxvii pp this volume of the journals of congress opened to the july 2nd 1776 proceedings is one of the rarest of the series issued from 1774 to 1788 and has a peculiar and romantic publication history textually the journals cover all the 1776 events culminating with the declaration of independence on july 4th an early printing of which appears in the journals with the names of the signers as well as the resolution for independency and all of the other actions of congress for the year from 1774 to 1777 the printer of the journals of congress was robert aitken of philadelphia in 1777 he published the first issue of the journals for 1776 under his own imprint this was completed in the spring or summer in the fall of 1777 the british campaign under howe forced the congress to evacuate philadelphia moving first to lancaster and then to york pennsylvania the fleeing congress took with it what it could but not surprisingly was unable to remove many copies of its printed journals which would have been bulky and difficult to transport presumably any left behind in philadelphia were destroyed by the british accounting for the particular scarcity of those volumes today among the material evacuated from philadelphia were aiken s printed sheets of pages 1 424 of the 1776 journals having lost many complete copies in philadelphia and not having the terminal sheets to make up more copies congress resolved to reprint the remainder of the volume john dunlap the printer of the july 4th declaration of independence broadside unlike aiken had evacuated his equipment consequently the continental congress appointed dunlap their new printer on may 2 1778 dunlap then reprinted the rest of the 1776 volume coming out to a slightly different pagination from aitken s version dunlap added under his imprint at york a new title page along with a notice on the verso of his appointment as printer to congress this presumably came out between his appointment on may 2 and the return of congress to philadelphia in july 1778 on july 3 1776 john adams wrote to his wife abigail adams on july 2 1776 the association known as the united colonies of america officially became the united states of america ix yesterday the greatest question was decided which ever was debated in america and a greater perhaps never was or will be decided among men a resolution was passed without one dissenting colony that these united colonies are and of right ought to be free and independent states and as such they have and of right ought to have full power to make war conclude peace establish commerce and to do all the other acts and things which other states may rightfully do you will see in a few days a declaration setting forth the causes which have impell d us to this mighty revolution and the reasons which will justify it in the sight of god and man a plan of confederation will be taken up in a few days adams believed that july 2 would be commemorated as the date of american independence writing again to abigail on july 3 but the day is past the second day of july 1776 will be the most memorable epocha in the history of america i am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival it ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance by solemn acts of devotion to god almighty it ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade with shews games sports guns bells bonfires and illuminations from one end of this continent to the other from this time forward forever more you will think me transported with enthusiasm but i am not i am well aware of the toil and blood and treasure that it will cost us to maintain this declaration and support and defend these states yet through all the gloom i can see the rays of ravishing light and glory i can see that the end is more than worth all the means and that posterity will tryumph in that days transaction even altho we should rue it which i trust in god we shall not x neil ronk senior guide and historian of the christ church preservation trust holds up john dunlap s 1777 york town printing of the 1776 journals of congress flanked by nchc honors students the journals have been opened to july 2nd 1776 marking the passage of the resolution for independency for more information please visit nchc partners in the park 2017 the debate over america s birthday began when the second continental congress designated july 4 not july 2 as independence day since then historians have consistently identified july 4 as the nation s independence day despite the actual declaration of independence occurring two days earlier with richard henry lee s resolution for independency the declaration of independence proclaimed that these united colonies are and of right ought to be free and independent states 1 justifying the july 2 vote for independence yet why does july 4 rather than july 2 hold such symbolic significance for americans today it was likely the phrasing found in thomas jefferson s draft of the declaration of independence available for the delegates inspection during deliberations that influenced the vote for independence on july 2 1776 by the 12 state delegations furthermore the resolution passed on july 4 1776 unlike the july 2 resolution officially named the now independent nation the united states of america this was a decision of significant consequence that is often overlooked thomas jefferson s doi draft courtesy of the library of congress previously the 1775 articles of confederation and the subsequent declaration of the causes and necessity of taking up arms against great britain had initially named the republic the united colonies of north america later shortened by the continental congress in 1776 to the united colonies of america the nation s name would again be revisited in the deliberations leading to the drafting of both the articles of confederation in 1777 and again the current u s constitution in 1787 2 nevertheless in jefferson s doi draft the term states was also used to replace colonies in the title united colonies of america this change aligned with lee s june 8 resolution which asserted that the united colonies were to be recognized as free and independent states however the united states of america was not used in any resolutions or bills passed by congress during the period from july 2 to july 4 1776 thus we must acknowledge that this name was officially adopted with the july 4 1776 passage of the declaration of independence not with the july 2 resolution for independency the nearly finalized declaration being laid before the members on june 28 and available during the july 2 vote might also explain why july 4 rather than july 2 was established as independence day by the continental congress and accepted as such by future u s congresses peter force addresses this distinction writing the declaration of independence was adopted on the 4th of july by the vote of twelve states the same that two days before had as colonies passed the act of independence on the 4th of july the congress also ordered that the declaration be authenticated and printed that the committee appointed to prepare the declaration superintend and correct the press that copies of the declaration be sent to the several assemblies conventions and committees or councils of safety and to the several commanding officers of the continental troops that it be proclaimed in each of the united states and at the head of the army all this was done it was also printed and circulated among the people in all the cities towns and villages wherever a printing press was found it was read everywhere in churches in the courts at all gatherings of the people and in every private company and family circle it was this universal diffusion of the declaration that made the 4th of july the great festival day of the nation instead of the 2nd day of july the real birthday of american freedom on july 2 1776 the united colonies of america formally severed their allegiance to great britain the newly independent republic now comprising free and independent states went on to enact additional war resolutions 3 on july 2 3 and 4 prior to passing the declaration of independence just as the assembly at carpenters hall the continental congress legislated on behalf of the now independent states establishing what would be known as the united states of america independence hall with ranger jay holding the september 1787 american museum printing of the u s constitution and ranger ed welch holding john dunlap s 1776 journals of congress opened respectively to the u s constitution of 1787 and declaration of independence for more information please visit nchc partners in the park 2017 july 2 1776 thus signifies the end of the united colonies of north america and the beginning of the second united american republic the united states of america thirteen independent states united in congress even though the name united states of america was not officially adopted until july 4 with the passage of the declaration of independence first united american republic united colonies of north america 13 british colonies united in congress was founded by 12 colonies on september 5th 1774 georgia joined in 1775 and governed through a british colonial continental congress peyton randolph and george washington served respectively as the republic s first president and commander in chief second united american republic the u nited states of america 13 independent states united in congress was founded by 12 states on july 2nd 1776 new york abstained until july 9th and governed through the united states continental congress john hancock and george washington served respectively as the republic s first president and commander in chief third united american republic the united states of america a perpetual union was founded by 13 states on march 1st 1781 with the enactment of the first u s constitution the articles of confederation and governed through the united states in congress assembled samuel huntington and george washington served respectively as the republic s first president and commander in chief fourth united american republic the united states of america we the people was formed by 11 states on march 4th 1789 north carolina and rhode island joined in november 1789 and may 1790 respectively with the enactment of the u s constitution of 1787 the fourth and current united states republic governs through the u s house of representatives and senate in congress assembled the u s president and commander in chief and the u s supreme court george washington served as the republic s first president and commander in chief the congressional evolution of the united states of america continental congress of the united colonies presidents sept 5 1774 to july 1 1776 peyton randolph september 5 1774 october 22 1774 henry middleton october 22 1774 october 26 1774 peyton randolph may 20 1775 may 24 1775 john hancock may 25 1775 july 1 1776 commander in chief united colonies states of america george washington june 15 1775 december 23 1783 continental congress of the united states presidents july 2 1776 to february 28 1781 john hancock july 2 1776 october 29 1777 henry laurens november 1 1777 december 9 1778 john jay december 10 1778 september 28 1779 samuel huntington september 29 1779 february 28 1781 presidents of the united states in congress assembled march 1 1781 to march 3 1789 samuel huntington march 1 1781 july 6 1781 samuel johnston july 10 1781 declined office thomas mckean july 10 1781 november 4 1781 john hanson november 5 1781 november 3 1782 elias boudinot november 4 1782 november 2 1783 thomas mifflin november 3 1783 june 3 1784 richard henry lee november 30 1784 november 22 1785 john hancock november 23 1785 june 5 1786 nathaniel gorham june 6 1786 february 1 1787 arthur st clair february 2 1787 january 21 1788 cyrus griffin january 22 1788 january 21 1789 articles of confederation congress uni...
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