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a declaration setting forth the causes which have impell d us to this mighty revolution and the reasons which will justify it in the sight of god and man a plan of confederation will be taken up in a few days adams believed that july 2 would be commemorated as the date of american independence writing again to abigail on july 3 but the day is past the second day of july 1776 will be the most memorable epocha in the history of america i am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival it ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance by solemn acts of devotion to god almighty it ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade with shews games sports guns bells bonfires and illuminations from one end of this continent to the other from this time forward forever more you will think me transported with enthusiasm but i am not i am well aware of the toil and blood and treasure that it will cost us to maintain this declaration and support and defend these states yet through all the gloom i can see the rays of ravishing light and glory i can see that the end is more than worth all the means and that posterity will tryumph in that days transaction even altho we should rue it which i trust in god we shall not x neil ronk senior guide and historian of the christ church preservation trust holds up john dunlap s 1777 york town printing of the 1776 journals of congress flanked by nchc honors students the journals have been opened to july 2nd 1776 marking the passage of the resolution for independency for more information please visit nchc partners in the park 2017 the debate over america s birthday began when the second continental congress designated july 4 not july 2 as independence day since then historians have consistently identified july 4 as the nation s independence day despite the actual declaration of independence occurring two days earlier with richard henry lee s resolution for independency the declaration of independence proclaimed that these united colonies are and of right ought to be free and independent states 1 justifying the july 2 vote for independence yet why does july 4 rather than july 2 hold such symbolic significance for americans today it was likely the phrasing found in thomas jefferson s draft of the declaration of independence available for the delegates inspection during deliberations that influenced the vote for independence on july 2 1776 by the 12 state delegations furthermore the resolution passed on july 4 1776 unlike the july 2 resolution officially named the now independent nation the united states of america this was a decision of significant consequence that is often overlooked thomas jefferson s doi draft courtesy of the library of congress previously the 1775 articles of confederation and the subsequent declaration of the causes and necessity of taking up arms against great britain had initially named the republic the united colonies of north america later shortened by the continental congress in 1776 to the united colonies of america the nation s name would again be revisited in the deliberations leading to the drafting of both the articles of confederation in 1777 and again the current u s constitution in 1787 2 nevertheless in jefferson s doi draft the term states was also used to replace colonies in the title united colonies of america this change aligned with lee s june 8 resolution which asserted that the united colonies were to be recognized as free and independent states however the united states of america was not used in any resolutions or bills passed by congress during the period from july 2 to july 4 1776 thus we must acknowledge that this name was officially adopted with the july 4 1776 passage of the declaration of independence not with the july 2 resolution for independency the nearly finalized declaration being laid before the members on june 28 and available during the july 2 vote might also explain why july 4 rather than july 2 was established as independence day by the continental congress and accepted as such by future u s congresses peter force addresses this distinction writing the declaration of independence was adopted on the 4th of july by the vote of twelve states the same that two days before had as colonies passed the act of independence on the 4th of july the congress also ordered that the declaration be authenticated and printed that the committee appointed to prepare the declaration superintend and correct the press that copies of the declaration be sent to the several assemblies conventions and committees or councils of safety and to the several commanding officers of the continental troops that it be proclaimed in each of the united states and at the head of the army all this was done it was also printed and circulated among the people in all the cities towns and villages wherever a printing press was found it was read everywhere in churches in the courts at all gatherings of the people and in every private company and family circle it was this universal diffusion of the declaration that made the 4th of july the great festival day of the nation instead of the 2nd day of july the real birthday of american freedom on july 2 1776 the united colonies of america formally severed their allegiance to great britain the newly independent republic now comprising free and independent states went on to enact additional war resolutions 3 on july 2 3 and 4 prior to passing the declaration of independence just as the assembly at carpenters hall the continental congress legislated on behalf of the now independent states establishing what would be known as the united states of america independence hall with ranger jay holding the september 1787 american museum printing of the u s constitution and ranger ed welch holding john dunlap s 1776 journals of congress opened respectively to the u s constitution of 1787 and declaration of independence for more information please visit nchc partners in the park 2017 july 2 1776 thus signifies the end of the united colonies of north america and the beginning of the second united american republic the united states of america thirteen independent states united in congress even though the name united states of america was not officially adopted until july 4 with the passage of the declaration of independence first united american republic united colonies of north america 13 british colonies united in congress was founded by 12 colonies on september 5th 1774 georgia joined in 1775 and governed through a british colonial continental congress peyton randolph and george washington served respectively as the republic s first president and commander in chief second united american republic the u nited states of america 13 independent states united in congress was founded by 12 states on july 2nd 1776 new york abstained until july 9th and governed through the united states continental congress john hancock and george washington served respectively as the republic s first president and commander in chief third united american republic the united states of america a perpetual union was founded by 13 states on march 1st 1781 with the enactment of the first u s constitution the articles of confederation and governed through the united states in congress assembled samuel huntington and george washington served respectively as the republic s first president and commander in chief fourth united american republic the united states of america we the people was formed by 11 states on march 4th 1789 north carolina and rhode island joined in november 1789 and may 1790 respectively with the enactment of the u s constitution of 1787 the fourth and current united states republic governs through the u s house of representatives and senate in congress assembled the u s president and commander in chief and the u s supreme court george washington served as the republic s first president and commander in chief the congressional evolution of the united states of america continental congress of the united colonies presidents sept 5 1774 to july 1 1776 peyton randolph september 5 1774 october 22 1774 henry middleton october 22 1774 october 26 1774 peyton randolph may 20 1775 may 24 1775 john hancock may 25 1775 july 1 1776 commander in chief united colonies states of america george washington june 15 1775 december 23 1783 continental congress of the united states presidents july 2 1776 to february 28 1781 john hancock july 2 1776 october 29 1777 henry laurens november 1 1777 december 9 1778 john jay december 10 1778 september 28 1779 samuel huntington september 29 1779 february 28 1781 presidents of the united states in congress assembled march 1 1781 to march 3 1789 samuel huntington march 1 1781 july 6 1781 samuel johnston july 10 1781 declined office thomas mckean july 10 1781 november 4 1781 john hanson november 5 1781 november 3 1782 elias boudinot november 4 1782 november 2 1783 thomas mifflin november 3 1783 june 3 1784 richard henry lee november 30 1784 november 22 1785 john hancock november 23 1785 june 5 1786 nathaniel gorham june 6 1786 february 1 1787 arthur st clair february 2 1787 january 21 1788 cyrus griffin january 22 1788 january 21 1789 articles of confederation congress united states in congress assembled usca sessions usca session dates usca convene date president s first 03 01 1781 to 11 04 1781 03 02 1781 samuel huntington thomas mckean second 11 05 1781 to 11 03 1782 11 05 1781 john hanson third 11 04 1782 to 11 02 1783 11 04 1782 elias boudinot fourth 11 03 1783 to 10 31 1784 11 03 1783 thomas mifflin fifth 11 01 1784 to 11 06 1785 11 29 1784 richard henry lee sixth 11 07 1785 to 11 05 1786 11 23 1785 john hancock nathaniel gorham seventh 11 06 1786 to 11 04 1787 02 02 1787 arthur st clair eighth 11 05 1787 to 11 02 1788 01 21 1788 cyrus griffin ninth 11 03 1788 to 03 03 1789 none none the articles of confederation was ratified by the mandated 13th state on february 2 1781 and the dated adopted by the continental congress to commence the new united states in congress assembled government was march 1 1781 the usca convened under the articles of confederation constitution on march 2 1781 on september 14 1788 the eighth united states in congress assembled resolved that march 4th 1789 would be commencement date of the constitution of 1787 s federal government thus dissolving the usca on march 3rd 1789 presidents of the united states of america 1789 present potus click here united colonies and states first ladies 1774 present flotus click here capitals of the united colonies and states of america philadelphia sept 5 1774 to oct 24 1774 city tavern carpenter s hall philadelphia may 10 1775 to dec 12 1776 pennsylvania state house baltimore dec 20 1776 to feb 27 1777 henry fite s house philadelphia march 4 1777 to sept 18 1777 pennsylvania state house lancaster september 27 1777 lancaster court house york sept 30 1777 to june 27 1778 york town court house philadelphia july 2 1778 to june 21 1783 college hall pa state house princeton june 30 1783 to nov 4 1783 prospect house nassau hall annapolis nov 26 1783 to aug 19 1784 maryland state house trenton nov 1 1784 to dec 24 1784 french arms tavern new york city jan 11 1785 to nov 13 1788 new york city hall new york city october 6 1788 to march 3 1789 walter livingston house new york city march 3 1789 to august 12 1790 federal hall philadelphia dec 6 1790 to may 14 1800 congress hall washington dc november 17 1800 to present two us capitol buildings chart comparing presidential powers click here hosted by the new orleans jazz museum and the louisiana historical center historic us a non profit corporation primary source exhibits exhibit inquiries 202 239 1774 office website www historic us edited open ai 2024 chatgpt large language model https chatgpt com posted by estoric at 5 18 pm no comments email this blogthis share to x share to facebook share to pinterest home subscribe to posts atom translate america s four republics the more or less united states us state capitals continental congress u c presidents peyton randolph henry middleton peyton randolph john hancock continental congress u s presidents john hancock henry laurens john jay samuel huntington constitution of 1777 u s presidents samuel huntington samuel johnston elected but declined the office thomas mckean john hanson elias boudinot thomas mifflin richard henry lee john hancock chairman david ramsay nathaniel gorham arthur st clair cyrus griffin constitution of 1787 u s presidents george washington john adams federalist party thomas jefferson republican party james madison republican party james monroe republican party john quincy adams republican party whig party andrew jackson republican party democratic party martin van buren democratic party william h harrison whig party john tyler whig party james k polk democratic party david atchison democratic party zachary taylor whig party millard fillmore whig party franklin pierce democratic party james buchanan democratic party abraham lincoln republican party jefferson davis democratic party andrew johnson republican party ulysses s grant republican party rutherford b hayes republican party james a garfield republican party chester arthur republican party grover cleveland democratic party benjamin harrison republican party grover cleveland democratic party william mckinley republican party theodore roosevelt republican party william h taft republican party woodrow wilson democratic party warren g harding republican party calvin coolidge republican party herbert c hoover republican party franklin d roosevelt democratic party harry s truman democratic party dwight d eisenhower republican party john f kennedy democratic party lyndon b johnson democratic party richard m nixon republican party gerald r ford republican party james earl carter jr democratic party ronald wilson reagan republican party george h w bush republican party william jefferson clinton democratic party george w bush republican party barack h obama democratic party please visit forgotten founders norwich ct annapolis continental congress society u s presidency hospitality republican party the political party organized by thomas jefferson and james madison in 1791 that went out of existence over the schism between john quincy adams and andrew jackson today for the sake of expediency political scientists incorrectly refer to it as the democratic republican party party members at the time never utilized the name democratic republican because it was the republican party acting us president david atchison never claimed that he was the president of the united states for one day on march 4 1849 political scientists who make the assertion claim that because zachary taylor refused to be sworn in on a sunday march 4 1849 and both the president and vice president s term ended on that date the president pro tempore of the u s senate david atchison therefore became the president ...