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of g b ministers should be permitted to reside at the court of his most christian majesty in time of war england hath not yet completed her last years loan all the powers will find it difficult to procure money to carry on the war france hath already begun to tax and it is probable must continue to do so the great neutral powers of europe seem to regard the present war as an event favorable to the augmentation of their commerce and will probably do so until one or other of the contending parties appear to have a decided superiority portugal it is said seems better disposed to the allies than heretofore the combined fleet at cadiz consists of 45 sail of the line besides frigates c the count d estaing commands the french part of the fleet and the whole was ready to put to sea mr laurence was taken on his passage to holland and conveyed to london and is committed to the tower on a charge of high treason the main army is gone into winter quarters my compliments to mr carroll and the ladies it would give me great pleasure to see you here 13 hanson s influence among his fellow continental congress delegates was tenuous the articles of confederation enacted by congress in 1777 had been ratified by ten states on july 9 1778 followed by new jersey on november 26 1778 and delaware on february 23 1779 yet maryland remained the sole holdout with many rival state delegations viewing john hanson a former surveyor of maryland s western lands 14 as the primary obstacle to the state s ratification for two years the continental congress was embroiled in intense disputes among maryland connecticut new york virginia the carolinas and georgia over state land claims in the western territories maryland s reluctance was rooted in its ongoing border disputes with neighboring states but more significantly in its insistence that all state claims to western territories be ceded to the federal government under the articles of confederation designated as the united states in congress assembled usca even before the articles had passed in 1777 maryland had proposed the maryland plan which argued that the usca should hold sole authority over frontier lands north and west of the ohio river a region later known as the northwest territory this proposal met with strong opposition from states like virginia new york connecticut and massachusetts each holding extensive territorial claims in this area similarly southern states such as georgia north carolina and south carolina claimed lands extending to the mississippi river despite its isolation maryland s delegates approved the articles of confederation on november 15 1777 leaving the contentious issue of the northwest territory for the individual state governments to deliberate during ratification on may 21 1779 following the ratification of the articles by twelve states the maryland state assembly formally presented its conditions to the continental congress maryland declared it would only ratify the articles if it received assurances that the northwest territory would be relinquished by the states to the usca stating we are convinced policy and justice require that a country unsettled at the commencement of this war claimed by the british crown and ceded to it by the treaty of paris if wrested from the common enemy by the blood and the treasure of the 13 states should be considered as a common property subject to be parceled out by congress into free convenient and independent governments in such manner and at such times as the wisdom of that assembly shall hereafter direct 15 it now fell to john hanson and fellow maryland delegate daniel carroll to consistently advocate for maryland s stance urging the continental congress to accept these conditions as a prerequisite for maryland s ratification of the articles u s state 1776 1781 claims on land east of the mississippi river on september 6 1780 the u s continental congress took decisive action on the maryland plan by resolving that western territories should be ceded and urging maryland to ratify the articles of confederation the congressional journals reflect the gravity of the moment congress took into consideration the report of the committee to whom were referred the instructions of the general assembly of maryland to their delegates in congress respecting the articles of confederation 16 the report highlighted the need for a liberal surrender of territorial claims by states with western lands to ensure the stability of the confederation and the unity essential to the nation s prosperity congress resolved that copies of the report be sent to the legislatures of virginia north carolina georgia and other states urging them to pass laws and empower their delegates to cede western claims the maryland legislature was also entreated to authorize its delegates to ratify the articles of confederation further momentum came on october 10 when congress adopted a proposal from virginia introduced by delegate james madison to reimburse states for costs related to the cession of western lands this provision required that ceded lands be used for the common benefit of the united states the congressional journals recorded resolved that the unappropriated lands shall be granted and disposed of for the common benefit of all the united states formed into distinct republican states and have the same rights of sovereignty freedom and independence as the other states 17 this resolution further specified that ceded lands would be developed into territories suitable for future statehood and that any costs incurred by states in acquiring or defending these lands would be reimbursed usca president samuel huntington a connecticut delegate led by example in persuading his state legislature to surrender its western land claims on november 28 1780 john hanson wrote to charles carroll of carrollton reporting the president of congress has promised to send by this post a copy of a recent law passed in connecticut respecting a cession of some part of the backlands we have had nothing from virginia or any other state on that subject 18 thanks to the efforts of john hanson daniel carroll james madison samuel huntington and others who facilitated land cessions from various states maryland ultimately passed an act on january 30 1781 empowering its delegates to sign and ratify the articles of confederation this long sought ratification became law when governor thomas sim lee signed it on february 2 1781 on february 20 daniel carroll formally presented maryland s ratification to congress and took a moment to inform charles carroll of carrollton on the first day of my appearing in congress i delivered the act empowering the delegates of maryland to subscribe the articles of confederation c it was read entered on the journals 23 with maryland s ratification the articles of confederation achieved unanimous acceptance among the states solidifying the foundation of the new federal union john hanson the second maryland delegate authorized to ratify the articles of confederation arrived in philadelphia two days after maryland s official ratification according to article v of the articles of confederation the united states delegates shall be annually appointed in such manner as the legislatures of each state shall direct to meet in congress on the first monday in november in every year however with maryland s ratification all congressional delegates were now duly appointed and congress having awaited maryland s decision since the 12th state ratified in february 1779 chose not to delay the formal establishment of the perpetual union confederation until the november 5 1781 meeting date on february 22 1781 congress unanimously resolved the delegates of maryland having taken their seats in congress with powers to sign the articles of confederation ordered that thursday next march 1 1781 be assigned for completing the confederation and that a committee of three be appointed to consider and report a mode for announcing the same to the public the members mr george walton mr james madison mr john mathews this resolution set march 1 1781 as the official date to finalize and announce the formation of the confederation formally bringing the articles of confederation into effect and uniting the states under the new framework journals of congress showing maryland s delegates articles of confederation march 1 1781 ratification historic us collection on that date the articles of confederation was adopted and the pennsylvania gazette reported in pursuance of an act of the legislature of maryland entitled an act to empow er the delegates of the state in congress to subscriber and ratify the articles of confederation the delegates of the said state on thursday last at twelve o signed and ratified the articles of confederation by which act the confederation of the united states of america was completed each and every of the thirteen states from new hampshire to george both included having adopted and con firmed and by their delegates in congress ratified the same this happy even was immediately announced to the public by the discharge of the artillery on land and the cannon of the shipping in the river delaware at two o clock his excellency the president of congress received on this occasion the congratulations of the hon the minister plenipotentiary of france and of the legislative and executive bodies of this state of the civil and military officers sundry strangers of distinction in town and of many of the principal inhabitants the evening was closed by an elegant exhibition of fireworks the ariel frigate commanded by the gallant john paul jones fired a feu de joye and was beautifully decorated with a variety of streamers in the day and ornamented with a brilliant appearance of lights in the night thus will the first of march 1781 be a day memorable in the annals of america for the final ratification of the confederation and perpetual union of the thirteen states of america a union begun by necessity cemented by oppression and common danger and now finally consolidated into a perpetual confederacy of these new and rising states and thus the united states of america having amidst the calamities of a destructive war established a solid foundation of greatness are growing up into consequence among the nations while their haughty enemy britain with all her boasted wealth and grandeur instead of bringing them to her feet and reducing them to unconditional submission finds her hopes blasted her power crumbling to pieces and the empire which with overbearing insolence and brutality she exercised on the ocean divided among her insulted neighbors 25 articles of confederation congress united states in congress assembled usca sessions usca session dates usca convene date president s first 11 05 1780 to 11 04 1781 03 02 1781 samuel huntington thomas mckean second 11 05 1781 to 11 03 1782 11 05 1781 john hanson third 11 04 1782 to 11 02 1783 11 04 1782 elias boudinot fourth 11 03 1783 to 10 31 1784 11 03 1783 thomas mifflin fifth 11 01 1784 to 11 06 1785 11 29 1784 richard henry lee sixth 11 07 1785 to 11 05 1786 11 23 1785 john hancock nathaniel gorham seventh 11 06 1786 to 11 04 1787 02 02 1787 arthur st clair eighth 11 05 1787 to 11 02 1788 01 21 1788 cyrus griffin ninth 11 03 1788 to 03 03 1789 none none the articles of confederation was ratified by the mandated 13th state on february 2 1781 and the dated adopted by the continental congress to commence the new united states in congress assembled government was march 1 1781 the usca convened under the articles of confederation constitution on march 2 1781 on september 14 1788 the eighth united states in congress assembled resolved that march 4th 1789 would be commencement date of the constitution of 1787 s federal government thus dissolving the usca on march 3rd 1789 on march 2 1781 the newly established united states in congress assembled usca convened marking the official inauguration of the united states government under the articles of confederation samuel huntington presided as the first president of this newly constituted government secretary charles thomson opened the new journal by prominently writing the united states in congress assembled at the top of the first page symbolizing the formal birth of the united states as a unified entity this moment represented the culmination of a long journey the united states of america first conceived through the resolution for independence on july 2 1776 proclaimed to the world on july 4 and redefined by the articles on november 15 1777 had finally been constitutionally established on march 1 1781 with maryland s ratification the usca journal record s this historic shift affirming the creation of a unified nation under the articles of confederation the ratification of the articles of confederation being yesterday completed by the accession of the state of maryland the united states met in congress when the following members appeared his excellency samuel huntington delegate for connecticut president 26 usca journals 1781 printing for march 2nd showing name change and samuel huntington appearing as president stan klos collection delaware delegate thomas rodney detailed this conundrum in his diary entry from march 2 1781 the states of new hampshire and rhode island having each but one member in congress they became unrepresented by the confirmation of the confederation by which not more than seven nor less than two members is allowed to represent any state whereupon general sullivan delegate from new hampshire moved that congress would appoint a committee of the states and adjourn till those states could send forward a sufficient number of delegates to represent them or that they would allow their delegates now in congress to give the vote of the states until one more from each of those states was sent to congress to make their representation complete he alleged that it was but just for congress to do one or the other of them for that the act of congress by completing the confederation ought not to deprive those states of their representation without giving them due notice as their representation was complete before that they did not know when the confederation would be completed therefore if the confederation put it out of the power of congress to allow the states vote in congress because there was but one member from each them they ought in justice to those states to appoint a committee of the states in which they would have an equal voice this motion was seconded by genl vernon from rhode island and enforced by arguments to the same purpose but all their arguments were ably confuted by mr burke of n c and others and the absurdity of the motion fully pointed out so that the question passed off without a division but it was the general opinion of congress that those members might continue to sit in congress and debate serve on committees though they could not give the vote of their states in response general john sullivan...