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dence of almighty god to acknowledge with gratitude their obligation to him for benefits received and to implore such farther blessings as they stand in need of and it having pleased him in his abundant mercy not only to continue to us the innumerable bounties of his common providence but also to smile upon us in the prosecution of a just and necessary war for the defence and establishment of our unalienable rights and liberties particularly in that he hath been pleased in so great a measure to prosper the means used for the support of our troops and to crown our arms with most signal success it is therefore recommended to the legislative or executive powers of these united states to set apart thursday the eighteenth day of december next for solemn thanksgiving and praise that with one heart1 and one voice the good people may express the grateful feelings of their hearts and consecrate themselves to the service of their divine benefactor and that together with their sincere acknowledgments and offerings they may join the penitent confession of their manifold sins whereby they had forfeited every favour and their humble and earnest supplication that it may please god through the merits of jesus christ mercifully to forgive and blot them out of remembrance that it may please him graciously to afford his blessing on the governments of these states respectively and prosper the public council of the whole to inspire our commanders both by land and sea and all under them with that wisdom and fortitude which may render them fit instruments under the providence of almighty god to secure for these united states the greatest of all human blessings independence and peace that it may please him to prosper the trade and manufactures of the people and the labour of the husbandman that our land may yet yield its increase to take schools and seminaries of education so necessary for cultivating the principles of true liberty virtue and piety under his nurturing hand and to prosper the means of religion for the promotion and enlargement of that kingdom which consisteth in righteousness peace and joy in the holy ghost 27 november 1 1777 thanksgiving proclamation library of congress rare book and special collections division 28 on november 4th 1777 congress voted to strike a gold medal celebrating general horatio gates and the victory at saratoga resolved that the thanks of congress in their own name and in behalf of the inhabitants of the thirteen united states be presented to major general gates commander in chief in the northern department and to major generals lincoln and arnold and the rest of the officers and troops under his command for their brave and successful efforts in support of the independence of their country whereby an army of the enemy of ten thousand men has been totally defeated one large detachment of it strongly posted and intrenched having been conquered at bennington another repulsed with loss and disgrace from fort schuyler and the main army of six thousand men under lieutenant general burgoyne after being beaten in different actions and driven from a formidable post and strong intrenchments reduced to the necessity of surrendering themselves upon terms honourable and advantageous to these states on the 17th day of october last to major general gates and that a medal of gold be struck under the direction of the board of war in commemoration of this great event and in the name of these united states presented by the president to major general gates tuesday november 4 1777 resolved that the thanks of congress in their own name and in behalf of the inhabitants of the thirteen united states be presented to major general gates commander in chief in the northern department and to major generals lincoln and arnold and the rest of the officers and troops under his command for their brave and successful efforts in support of the independence of their country whereby an army of the enemy of ten thousand men has been totally defeated one large detachment of it strongly posted and intrenched having been conquered at bennington another repulsed with loss and disgrace from fort schuyler and the main army of six thousand men under lieutenant general burgoyne after being beaten in different actions and driven from a formidable post and strong intrenchments reduced to the necessity of surrendering themselves upon terms honourable and advantageous to these states on the 17th day of october last to major general gates and that a medal of gold be struck under the direction of the board of war in commemoration of this great event and in the name of these united states presented by the president to major general gates tuesday november 4 1777 major general horatio gates surrender of the british army at saratoga medal horatio gates duci strenuo comitia americana the american congress to horatio gates a valiant general bust of general gates in uniform facing the left n gatteaux salus regionum septentrional salus regionum septentrionalium the safety of the northern regions lieutenant general burgoyne is surrendering his sword to general gates in the background on the left the vanquished troops of great britain are grounding their arms and standards on the right is the victorious american army in order of battle with colors flying exergue hoste ad saratogam in dedition deditionem accepto die xvii oct octobris mdcclxxvii the enemy surrendered at saratoga on the 17th of october 1777 on the platform gatteaux fecit the legend of the obverse of this medal originally proposed by the french academy of inscriptions and belles lettres was horatio gates duci provido comitia americana and that of the reverse salus provinciarum septentrionalium horatio gates was born in malden england in 1728 he entered the british army when young and served under general lord cornwallis in nova scotia and afterward under general braddock in his campaign against fort duquesne but being severely wounded during the retreat left the army and settled in virginia having received a commission as adjutant general with the rank of brigadier he accompanied washington to cambridge in july 1775 while commander in chief of the northern army he defeated general john burgoyne at stillwater september 17 1777 and received his surrender at saratoga on the 17th of october following for which most important achievement congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal 31 he was appointed commander in chief of the southern department in june 1780 but being defeated shortly afterward at camden on the 16th of august he was superseded by general greene during the remainder of the war he played no prominent part and at the conclusion of peace retired to his estate in virginia in 1790 he removed to new york city where he died april 10 1806 nicolas marie gatteaux was born in paris august 2 1751 and in the latter part of the reign of louis xvi was appointed engraver of medals to the king during the french revolution he was intrusted with the execution of various works of art for different branches of the public service the process followed in the printing of assignats of bills of exchange and of lottery tickets as well as the printing press which works at the same time with the dry and wet stamp were his inventions he designed and engraved a number of medals representing eminent persons or important events of the period including three relating to the war of independence viz those of general gates general wayne and major john stewart he died in paris june 24 1832 on november 15 th 1777 without much further debate the constitution of 1777 the articles of confederation was passed by congress the perpetual union of the united states of america was now in the womb of nations its birth however required its ratification by all 13 states and this would not be realized until march 1 1781 under president huntington henry laurens would sign the document not as president of the continental congress but as a delegate from south carolina when south carolina formally ratified the articles of confederation on july 9 1778 president laurens office and lodging at york town were not as large he claimed as the center hall in his south carolina home laurens noted he often dined on only bread and cheese with a glass of grog he believed this diet was appropriate as george washington and the soldiers rations were so meager at valley forge 29 laurens learned the burden of the office included being the conduit of unhappy correspondence between congress and the have starved commander in chief in addition to this laurens was responsible for the diplomatic correspondence chairing the meetings the granting and refusal of favors to be heard by congress in the first part of december 1777 he like his predecessor had a severe attack of the gout which confined him to his room for the next three months laurens walked with a limp at the crisis over the saratoga convention he was carried into the york town courthouse to preside over the crucial meeting he wrote i am sitting eighteen or nineteen sometimes twenty hours in twenty four this encourages horrible swellings which are not quite dispersed with the short respite in bed 30 on december 12th a mere 42 days after his election he asked congress to elect him a successor gentlemen york town 12 december 1777 in the character of a delegate in congress give me leave to address you your president has been confined to his chamber his bed for three days nights past during which time he has not had three hours sleep the malady under which he labours has made such progress as to convince him by reflecting upon former attacks that he will not be able to move out of the house nor to attend his duty in congress for some weeks to come when he accepted the honour which you were pleased to confer on him it was with a single eye to your service in the most comprehensive meaning now he finds himself incapable of performing his duty he is anxious to resign that honor which he accepted only on obedience to your vote 31 laurens request was postponed by congress in a very complimentary style refusing to accept it he then settled into the presidency for his year term as prescribed by the new constitution of 1777 which was expected to be ratified by the states in 1778 as president he participated in the finalization of the franco american treaties of alliance and of amity and commerce with france which were signed by him as u s president of the continental congress on february 6 1778 president laurens was an active participant in debate especially when he was the sole delegate represented by south carolina his presidency drew criticism by his fellow delegates as he was not hesitant to use his chair to make timely and uncomplimentary remarks about his colleagues as president laurens opposed any expeditions against florida urging congress instead to defend georgia and south carolina from native americans and tory resistance in his book the president of the continental congress 1774 1789 sanders writes laurens is unique among the presidents his letters give an insight into the workings of congress and the presidential office as president he was intimately acquainted with all congressional affairs indeed many matters were necessarily known only to him until their presentation from the chair congressional leadership must not be construed to mean merely the activities of members on the floor of that body one gains the impression from a perusal of the correspondence of the day that important matters were discussed informally outside congress by coteries fractions and cliques as they ate their meals together or visited their rooming places action in congress therefore might at times be little more than formal recognition of what had already been agreed upon outside through this type of leadership a president might exercise great influence and yet never participate in debate from the chair 32 for example henry laurens wrote on april 7 1778 to james duane that the letter has not yet been presented to congress but has undergone severe strictures from knot of our friends who call here late at night and conned it over 33 on another matter laurens writes on april 28 1778 concerning his reasoning for delay of louis fleury s petition these i say are private sentiments drawn from friends among my coadjutors in congress 34 the fact that the president for the most part received all official correspondence gave him the discretion to choose when and if it should be brought before congress for consideration laurens expertly utilized this power throughout his presidency to accelerate or impede the consideration of all official business of the united states of america henry laurens tenure as president was during one of most stormy periods in the revolutionary war he seemed to align himself against john jay robert morris and silas deane conservatives but only lukewarm to the adams lees faction a major test of his non partisan leadership erupted just nine days into his presidency the plan for the displacement of george washington for horatio gates came to light on november 9 th the controversy then exploded occurring during the same period that president henry laurens was occupied with the saratoga convention negotiating the surrender settlement of british general burgoyne and his army this scheme to replace washington stemmed from the adams lees faction the revolutionary party who wanted to keep all executive business in the hands of congress through committees and boards they strove for a strict system of control over the commander in chief the other bloc is best described as the constructive party and its leaders included george washington benjamin franklin john jay robert morris and robert r livingston the adams lee faction was comprised of men who were the zealots of revolution and forced altercation with great britain it was the constructive faction who transformed the fitful rebellion into an organized and successful revolution president henry laurens politics however was an enigma and thought by each camp to be partial to their respective faction until the lee deane affair the adams lee faction steadily worked after general gates victory at saratoga to bring congress to the opinion that the safety of the country demanded horatio should replace george as commander in chief the plot however had few active supporters in congress and the continental army chief supporters of the gates scheme rounded off some impressive patriots supporting general gates including james lovell benjamin rush major general thomas mifflin and their organizer general thomas conway a french officer of irish lineage the movement to displace washington began before the victory at saratoga even john and samuel adams contributed powerfully to hostility against george washington by ridiculing his fabian policy calling for a short and violent war and preaching according to henry laurens historian d d wallace that the worship of a man amounted to a...