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description=Arthur St. Clair was the Ninth President of the United States in Congress Assembled: February 2, 1787 to January 21, 1788;

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on re crossed the delaware and took possession of trenton the british detachments that had been distributed over the new jersey river towns had now assembled at princeton these troops were also reinforced by a british detachment from new brunswick n j commanded by general cornwallis from this position the english planned to overwhelm washington by sheer numbers hoping to defeat the continental army on january 2nd realizing this washington carefully considered his options a retreat to the city of philadelphia would have shattered the continental army s confidence that permeated the new nation after their victory at trenton george washington decided to stand fight and see what opportunities may arise in the heat of what would be a manageable late afternoon battle the continental forces readied their defenses 5 the british began their advance from princeton at 4 p m attacking a body of americans that were posted with four field pieces just north of trenton this overwhelming military action required the forces to retreat over assunpink creek here washington had posted cannons on the opposite banks of the creek the cannons together with musket fire stalemated the pursuing british at the bottleneck created by the bridge the british fell back out of reach of the cannons and made camp for the night the americans remained defiantly camped on the other side cannonading the enemy until late in the evening washington called a council of war that night on january 2 1777 with his troops camped along assunpink creek many of st clair s biographers and even st clair himself claim that the movement that culminated in the victory at princeton the following day was his recommendation to the council the general s biographers purport that not only did st clair direct the details of the march but also his own brigade marched at the head of the advancing army washington s decision to go around the british lines at night and advance on princeton was brilliant the plan was a smashing success and british losses were estimated at 400 to 600 killed wounded or taken prisoner general cornwallis and his troops were forced to withdraw into northern new jersey to protect key towns recently conquered by the british ramsay reports on the battle the next morning presented a scene as brilliant on the one side as it was unexpected on the other soon after it became dark general washington ordered all his baggage to be silently removed and having left guards for the purpose of deception marched with his whole force by a circuitous route to princeton this maneuver was determined upon in a council of war from a conviction that it would avoid the appearance of a retreat and at the same time the hazard of an action in a bad position and that it was the most likely way to preserve the city of philadelphia from falling into the hands of the british general washington also presumed that from an eagerness to efface the impressions made by the late capture of hessians at trenton the british commanders had pushed forward their principal force and that of course the remainder in the rear at princeton was not more than equal to his own the event verified this conjecture the more effectually to disguise the departure of the americans from trenton fires were lighted up in front of their camp these not only gave an appearance of going to rest but as flame cannot be seen through concealed from the british what was transacting behind them in this relative position they were a pillar of fire to the one army and a pillar of a cloud to the other providence favoured this movement of the americans the weather had been for some time so warm and moist that the ground was soft and the roads so deep as to be scarcely passable but the wind suddenly changed to the northwest and the ground in a short time was frozen so hard that when the americans took up their line of march they were no more retarded than if they had been upon a solid pavement general washington reached princeton early in the morning and would have completely surprised the british had not a party which was on their way to trenton descried his troops when they were about two miles distant and sent back couriers to alarm their unsuspecting fellow soldiers in their rear these consisted of the 17th the 40th 55th regiments of british infantry and some of the royal artillery with two field pieces and three troops of light dragoons the center of the americans consisting of the philadelphia militia while on their line of march was briskly charged by a party of the british and gave way in disorder the moment was critical general washington pushed forward and placed himself between his own men and the british with his horse s head fronting the latter the americans encouraged by his example and exhortations made a stand and returned the british fire the general though between both parties was providentially uninjured by either a party of the british fled into the college and were there attacked with field pieces which were fired into it the seat of the muses became for some time the scene of action the party which had taken refuge in the college after receiving a few discharges from the american field pieces came out and surrendered themselves prisoners of war in the course of the engagement sixty of the british were killed and a greater number wounded and about 300 of them were taken prisoners the rest made their escape some by pushing on towards trenton others by returning towards brunswick the americans lost only a few but colonels haslet and potter and captain neal of the artillery were among the slain general mercer received three bayonet wounds of which he died in a short time he was a scotchman by birth but from principle and affection had engaged to support the liberties of his adopted country with a zeal equal to that of any of its native sons in private life he was amiable and his character as an officer stood high in the public esteem while they were fighting in princeton the british in trenton were under arms and on the point of making an assault on the evacuated camp of the americans with so much address had the movement to princeton been conducted that though from the critical situation of the two armies every ear may be supposed to have been open and every watchfulness to have been employed yet general washington moved completely off the ground with his whole force stores baggage and artillery unknown to and unsuspected by his adversaries the british in trenton were so entirely deceived that when they heard the report of the artillery at princeton though it was in the depth of winter they supposed it to be thunder the battle of princeton was another important continental victory as it further raised the moral of the troops and the nation the surprised british troops quickly evacuated princeton on the onslaught and to washington s delight they re deployed their troops from quartering bordentown and trenton to new brunswick the british also decided to evacuate their troops from newark and woodbridge holding under force only amboy along with new brunswick in central new jersey the british retreat from the victories of trenton and princeton sparked a resurrection of patriotism that kept george washington and his troops invigorated throughout the winter of 1777 6 general washington upon st clair s council made the decision to winter in morristown because its passes and hills afforded geographical shelter to his suffering army the negative outlook that had ceased these united states of america in the fall of 1776 had all but dissipated in the northern hills of new jersey recruiting that had been painfully measured just before the battle of trenton was successfully rehabilitated it soon became clear to everyone that george washington would quickly organize and train a permanent regular force to resume the offensive in the spring while in morristown the new jersey militia was re charged and conducted several successful skirmishes killing forty and fifty waldeckers at springfield these were the same soldiers who were but a month before overrun by the british without even meager opposition george washington remained throughout his incredible life steadfastly loyal to arthur st clair recognizing the pennsylvania general s deeds and council during the campaigns against trenton and princeton it was a beginning of a friendship that would positively serve the united states beyond anyone s expectations for the next 24 years for his service in 1776 and 1777 st clair was promoted to major general arthur st clair s next call to action was by john hancock who ordered him to defend fort ticonderoga this upstate new york fort was built to control the strategic route between the st lawrence river in canada and the hudson river to the south overlooking the outlet of lake george into lake champlain it was considered a key to the continent the fort was used in the war for empire and largely abandoned except for british military stores that remained there at the beginning of the revolution in 1775 ethan allen and benedict arnold surprised the british and captured fort ticonderoga the cannons and armaments were used in the siege of boston which drove the british out of massachusetts the fort was garrisoned with 12 000 troops to counter any invading force coming into america from canada in 1776 with washington s losses troops deserted and were moved to more pressing posts in pennsylvania and new jersey by the spring of 1777 fort ticonderoga had fallen in disrepair with only a handful of troops protecting the northern passage when it became clear that the british under general burgoyne were marching to retake the position congress hastily ordered major general arthur st clair to command and defend fort ticonderoga by a letter philadelphia april 30 1777 john hancock to arthur st clair courtesy of stan klos to maj gen arthur st clair sir the congress having received intelligence of the approach of the enemy towards ticonderoga have thought proper to direct you to repair thither without delay i have it therefore in charge to transmit the enclosed resolve not present and to direct that you immediately set out on the receipt hereof john hancock presidt major general st clair arrived in early june and set about preparations for defense although congress desperately wanted to retain fort ticonderoga st clair was only spared some 2 500 men and scarce provisions to hold it a minimum garrison of 10 000 men was required to check the british advance burgoyne s army consisted of 8 000 british regulars and 2 500 auxiliary troops in preparation st clair s force was too small to cover all exposed points in his scramble to post his men st clair made the decision not to fortify the steep assent to the mountain top which he deemed impassable for heavy artillery when british arrived in the area he was proved disastrously wrong because burgoyne outflanked him by hauling his artillery batteries atop nearby mount defiance the british were now capable of bombarding fort ticonderoga without fear of retaliation by the americans st clair and his officers held a council of war and decided to evacuate the fort matthias alexis roche de fermoy by orders of congress and against the protest of george washington was made the commander of fort independence opposite fort ticonderoga fermoy made a grave military error that almost caused st clair the loss of a large number of his forces upon the retreat of st clair from ticonderoga fermoy set fire to his quarters on mount independence at two o clock on the morning of july 6th 1777 thus revealing to burgoyne st clair s evacuation of fort ticonderoga had it not been for this st clair would have made good his retreat with minimal causalities and loss of his supplies st clair fled through the woods leaving a part of his force at hubbardto these troops were attacked and defeated by general fraser on july 7th 1777 after a well contested battle on july12th st clair reached fort edward with the remnant of his men st clair reported i know i could have saved my reputation by sacrificing the army but were i to do so i should forfeit that which the world could not restore and which it cannot take away the approbation of my own conscience 7 st clair s action forced general burgoyne to divide his forces between pursuit of st clair and garrisoning fort ticonderoga burgoyne after a long and arduous trek through the new york frontier made an unsuccessful attempt to break through american forces and capture saratoga burgoyne retreated and ordered his troops to entrench in the vicinity of the freeman farm here he decided to await support from clinton who was supposedly preparing to move north toward albany from new york city he waited for three weeks but clinton never came with his supply line cut and a growing continental army he decided to attack on october 7th ordering a recon naissance in force to test the american left flank this attack was unsuccessful and burgoyne loss general fraser primarily due to benedict arnold s direct counter attack against the british center that evening the british retreated but kept their campfires burning brightly to mask their withdrawal burgoyne s troops took refuge in a fortified camp on the heights of saratoga clinton never arrived the continental forces swelled to over 20 000 faced with overwhelming numbers burgoyne surrendered on october 17 1777 to general horatio gates who was hailed the hero of saratoga this was one of the great american victories of the war and made the british retention of fort ticonderoga untenable this surrender shocked the european nations and direly needed foreign aid poured into us coffers from france and the netherlands despite this positive outcome general st clair was accused of cowardice by the same faction conway cabal that sought the ousting of george washington as commander in chief for the hero of saratoga george washington supported st clair s position who remained with his army throughout the court martial process st clair was with washington at brandywine on september 11th 1777 acting as voluntary aide the court met august 25th 1778 and continued the examination of witnesses until september 29th with general benjamin lincoln as its president the charges were neglect of duty cowardice treachery incapacity as a general and shamefully abandoning the posts of ticonderoga and mount independence general st clair testified in his own defense on september 29 which those in attendance found to be very able and complete the court acquitted him stating indeed from the knowledge i had of the country through which general burgoyne had to advance the difficulties i knew he would be put to subsist his army and the contempt he would naturally have for an enemy whose retreat i concluded he would ascribe to fear i made no doubt he would soon be so far engaged as that it would be difficult for him either to advance or retreat the event justified my conjecture but attended with conseque...