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of a resolution requiring the departments when they submitted estimates of expenses to accompany them with a reference to the laws authorizing them in each and every instance this has ever since been the practice of the government mr fillmore retired from congress in 1843 and was a candidate for the office of vice president supported by his own and several of the western states in the whig convention that met at baltimore in may 1844 in the following september he was nominated by acclamation for governor but was defeated by silas wright his illustrious contemporary henry clay being vanquished at the same time in the presidential contest by james k polk in 1847 fillmore was elected comptroller of the state of new york an office which then included many duties now distributed among other departments in his report of 1 january 1849 he suggested that a national bank with the stocks of the united states as the sole basis upon which to issue its currency might be established and carried on so as to prove a great convenience to the government with perfect safety to the people this idea involves the essential principle of our present system of national banks in june 1848 millard fillmore was nominated by the whig national convention for vice president with general taylor who had recently won military renown in mexico as president and was in the following november elected making with the late occupant of the office seven vice presidents of the united states from new york a greater number than has been yet furnished by any other state in february 1849 fillmore resigned the comptrollership and on 5 march he was inaugurated as vice president in 1826 calhoun of south carolina then vice president established the rule that that officer had no authority to call senators to order during the heated controversies in the sessions of 1849 50 occasioned by the application of california for admission into the union the vexed question of slavery in the new territories and that of the rendition of fugitive slaves in which the most acrimonious language was used mr fillmore in a forcible speech to the senate announced his determination to maintain order and that should occasion require he should resume the usage of his predecessors upon that point this announcement met with the unanimous approval of the senate which directed the vice president s remarks to be entered in full on its journal he presided during the exciting controversy on clay s omnibus bill with his usual impartiality and so perfectly even did he hold the scales that no one knew which policy he approved excepting the president to whom he privately stated that should he be required to deposit a casting vote it would be in favor of henry clay s bill more than seven months of the session had been exhausted in angry controversy when on 9 july 1850 the country was startled by the news of president taylor s death he passed away in the second year of his presidency suddenly and most unexpectedly of a violent fever which was brought on by long exposure to the excessive heat of a fourth of july sun while he was attending the public ceremonies of the day it was a critical moment in the history of our country when millard fillmore was on wednesday 10 july 1850 made president of the united states with great propriety he reduced the ceremony of his inauguration to an official act to be marked by solemnity without joy and so with an absence of the usual heralding of trumpet and show he was unostentatiously sworn into his great office in the hall of representatives in the presence of both houses the chief justice of the circuit court of the district of columbia the venerable william cranch appointed fifty years before by president john adams administered the oath which being done the new president bowed and retired and the ceremony was at an end mr fillmore then in the prime of life possessed that which to the heathen philosopher seemed the greatest of all blessings a sound mind in a sound body the accompanying vignette portrait was taken at this time while the large steel engraving is from a picture made some twenty years later of fillmore s keen appreciation of the responsibility devolving on him we have the evidence of letters written at that time in which he says ha should despair but for his humble reliance on god to help him in the honest fearless and faithful discharge of his great duties president taylor s cabinet immediately resigned and a new and exceedingly able one was selected by mr fillmore with daniel webster as secretary of state thomas corwin secretary of the treasury william a graham secretary of the navy charles m conrad secretary of war alexander h ii stuart secretary of the interior john j crittenden attorney general and nathan k hall postmaster general of these mr webster died and messrs graham and hall retired in 1852 and were respectively replaced by edward everett john p kennedy and samuel d hubbard stuart of virginia is now the sole survivor of the illustrious men who aided mr fillmore in guiding the ship of state during the most appalling political tempest save one which ever visited this fair land it is not the writer s wish to reawaken party feelings or party prejudice or to recall those great questions of pith and merit which so seriously disturbed congress and the country in the first days of fillmore s administration but yet even in so cursory a glance as we are now taking of his career some comment would seem to be called for in respect to those public acts connected with slavery which appear to have most unreasonably and unjustly lost him the support of a large proportion of his party in the northern states whatever the wisdom of mr fillmore s course may have been it is impossible to doubt his patriotism or his honest belief that he was acting in accordance with his oath to obey the constitution of his country the president s dream was peace to preserve without hatred and without war tranquility throughout the length and breadth of our broad land and if in indulging this delusive dream he erred it was surely an error that leaned to virtue s side there is a legend that he serves his party best who serves his country best in mr fillmore s action it is confidently believed that he thought not of party or of personal interests but only of his bounden duty to his country and her sacred constitution one of the president s earliest official acts was to send a military force to new mexico to protect that territory from invasion by texas on account of its disputed boundary then followed the passage by a large majority of the celebrated compromise measures including the fugitive slave law the president referred to the attorney general the question of its constitutionality and that officer in a written opinion decided that it was constitutional fillmore and the strong cabinet that he had called around him concurred unanimously in this opinion and the act was signed together with the other compromise measures the fugitive slave law was exceedingly obnoxious to a large portion of the whig party of the north as well as to the antislavery men and its execution was resisted slaves in several instances were rescued from the custody of the united states marshals and a few citizens of christiana in pennsylvania were killed although it was admitted that fillmore s administration as a whole was able useful and patriotic although his purity as a public man was above suspicion and no other act of his administration could be called unpopular still by the signing and attempted enforcement of the fugitive slave law and some of its unfortunate provisions of which even mr webster did not approve the president as has been already stated lost the friendship and support of a large portion of his party in the north french ambassador appointment signed millard fillmore as president and daniel webster as secretary of state mr fillmore s administration being in a political minority in both houses of congress many wise and admirable measures recommended by him failed of adoption nevertheless we are indebted to him for cheap postage for the extension of the national capitol the cornerstone of which he laid 4 july 1851 for the perry treaty opening the ports of japan and for various valuable exploring expeditions when south carolina in one of her indignant utterances took mr fillmore to task for sending a fleet to charleston harbor and he was officially questioned as to his object and authority the answer came promptly and to the purpose by authority of the constitution of the united states which has made the president commander in chief of the army and navy and who recognizes no responsibility for his official action to the governor of south carolina with stern measures he repressed filibustering and with equal firmness exacted from other countries respect for our flag mr fillmore carried out strictly the doctrine of nonintervention in the affairs of foreign nations and frankly stated his policy to the highly gifted kossuth who won all hearts by his surpassing eloquence at the same time however it was clearly shown how little the administration sympathized with austria by the celebrated letter addressed to her ambassador hulsemann by daniel webster who died soon after his successor as secretary of state was edward everett whose brief term of office was distinguished by his letter declining the proposition for a treaty by which england france and the united states were to disclaim then and for the future all intention to obtain possession of cuba in his last message however the president expressed an opinion against the incorporation of the island with this union nothing in mr fillmore s presidential career was during the closing years of his life regarded by himself with greater satisfaction than the suppressed portion of his last message of 6 december 1852 it was suppressed by the advice of the cabinet all of whom concurred in the belief that if sent in it would precipitate an armed collision and he readily acquiesced in their views it related to the great political problem of the period the balance of power between the free and the slave states he fully and clearly appreciated the magnitude of the then approaching crisis and in the document now under consideration proposed a judicious scheme of rescuing the country from the horrors of a civil war which soon after desolated so large a portion of the land his perfectly practicable plan was one of african colonization somewhat similar to one seriously entertained by his successor mr lincoln had president fillmore s scheme been adopted it is quite possible that it would have been successful and that our country might have been blessed with peace and prosperity in lieu of the late war with its loss of half a million of precious lives and a debt of more than double the amount of the estimated cost of his plan of colonization mr fillmore retired from the presidency 4 march 1853 leaving the country at peace with other lands and within her own borders and in the enjoyment of a high degree of prosperity in all the various departments of industry in his cabinet there had never been a dissenting voice in regard to any important measure of his administration and upon his retiring from office all its members expressing their united appreciation of his ability his integrity and his single hearted and sincere devotion to the public service addressed a letter to him the surviving member of fillmore s cabinet who also sat in the 27th congress with him in a communication with which he has favored the writer says mr fillmore was a man of decided opinions but he was always open to conviction his aim was truth and whenever he was convinced by reasoning that his first impressions were wrong he had the moral courage to surrender them but when he had carefully examined a question and had satisfied himself that he was right no power on earth could induce him to swerve from what he believed to be the line of duty there were many things about mr fillmore aside from his public character which often filled me with surprise while he enjoyed none of the advantages of early association with cultivated society he possessed a grace and polish of manner which fitted him for the most refined circles of the metropolis you saw too at a glance that there was nothing in it which was assumed but that it was the natural outward expression of inward refinement and dignity of character i have witnessed on several occasions the display by him of attributes apparently of the most opposite character when as sailed in congress he exhibited a manly self reliance and a lofty courage which commanded the admiration of every spectator and yet no one ever manifested deeper sensibility or more tender sympathy with a friend in affliction he seemed to have the peculiar faculty of adapting himself to every position in which he was called to serve his country when he was chairman of the committee of ways and means members of congress expressed their sense of his fitness by declaring that he was born to fill it when he was elected vice president it was predicted that he would fail as the presiding officer of the senate yet he acquitted himself in this new and untried position in such a manner as to command the applause of senators and when advanced to the highest office of our country he so fulfilled his duties as to draw forth the commendation of the ablest men of the opposite party for the last two years of my official association with mr fillmore adds mr stuart our relations both personal and political were of an intimate and confidential character he knew that i was his steadfast friend and he reciprocated the feeling he talked with me freely and without reserve about men and measures and i take pleasure in saying that in all my intercourse with him i never knew him to utter a sentiment or do an act which in my judgment would have been unworthy of washington who was the first u s president his gifted contemporary henry clay thought highly of fillmore s moderation and wisdom said his administration was an able and honorable one and on his deathbed recommended his nomination for the presidency by the baltimore convention of 1852 as being a statesman of large civil experience and one in whose career there was nothing inconsistent with the highest purity and patriotism after leaving washington for the last time webster said to a friend that fillmore s administration leaving out of the question his share of its work was the ablest the country had possessed for many years the same great statesman in his speech at the laying of the cornerstone of the capitol extension said president fillmore it is your singularly good fortune to perform an act such as that which the earliest of your predecessors performed fifty eight years ago you stand where he stood you lay your hand on the cornerstone he laid changed changed is everything around the same sun indeed shone upon his head which shines upon yours the sam...