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his deprivation of succession to the titles 11 by anne stanhope the earl of hertford had two sons and six daughters during the last year of henry s life his brother in law and paget the secretary of state were more closely associated with him than anyone else as regards public affairs while the two gentlemen of the privy chamber herbert and denny were in personal attendance henry made his will there has been much discussion over it but it can never be known whether it was tampered with or altered at all events it was signed hertford paget denny and herbert being the witnesses the will nominated sixteen executors to be a council to govern during the minority as equals but the breath was scarcely out of henry s body before hertford and paget began to plot against this provision of the will with the object of making hertford protector of the realm and governor of the king s person with sole power thus had the elder brother with no more than ordinary ability raised himself owing to his sister s marriage to a great position thomas seymour the second son was three years younger than edward he was born in 1508 and his first public employment was as a messenger to carry dispatches for sir francis bryan during his frequent embassies on the marriage of his sister henry made him a gentleman of the privy chamber conferred knighthood on him and granted him the manor of holt in cheshire in 1538 he was sent with sir anthony browne s embassy to paris and afterwards to the emperor ferdinand remaining at vienna for two years on his return in 1543 he sought the hand of catherine parr then the widowed lady latimer but he had to yield her to his master thomas seymour was employed to endeavor to raise troops at nuremberg and afterwards he was with the embassy at brussels he was second in command to wallop and in 1544 was appointed master of the ordnance for life in october 1544 he received command of the fleet stationed at dover and in august 1545 he was ordered to join the main fleet under lord lisle thomas seymour was a remarkably handsome man skilled in all martial exercises agreeable as a companion kind and indulgent to his dependents but like his brother edward his ambition far exceeded his ability and both brothers were lacking in tact and judgment queen elizabeth said of thomas that he had much wit but no judgment when henry viii died edward earl of hertford was forty two and sir thomas seymour was thirty eight years of age thomas was young prince edward s favorite uncle from whom he always received affection and kindness henry s sixteen executors archbishop of canterbury cranmer lord chancellor wriothesley made earl of southampton judges sir e montagu sir t bromley lord privy seal sir john eussell eventually made earl of bedford bishop of durham tunstall witness of the will sir e seymour earl of hertford made duke of somerset and protector president of the council paulet lord st john of basing made earl of wiltshire eventually marquis of winchester lord high admiral viscount lisle made earl of warwick eventually duke of northumberland master of the horse sir anthony browne secretary of state sir william paget witness of the will court of augmentations sir edward north chief gentlemen of henry s privy chamber sir wm herbert eventually made earl of pembroke sir a denny witnesses of the will treasurer of calais sir e wotton dean of canterbury dr wotton twelve privy councillors nominated as assistants earl of arundel no particular religion earl of essex parr made marquis of northampton no particular religion solicitor general eichard eich made baron eich vice chancellor sir anthony wingfield household treasurer sir thomas cheyney made loi d warden of the cinque ports controller sir john gage secretary of state sir wm petre papist chancellor of the exchequer sir john baker also speaker of the house of commons ambassador in scotland sir ealph sadleir keen protestant vice admiral sir thomas seymour made lord seymour of sudeley and lord high admiral no particular religion a tool of henry viii sir eichard southwell master of the mint sir edmund peckham strong papist v the executors young edward s worst inheritance was the body of unprincipled second rate politicians named in the will as henry s sixteen executors and twelve assistants to the executors they all became members of the council and may therefore be discussed as one body there were various degrees of demerit among them the careers of the two uncles have already been referred to and that of dudley viscount lisle will be discussed later on when he became the most powerful member of the council for the moment the next most important executor was the secretary of state who was conspiring with hertford to upset the intentions of the will william paget was born in 1505 at wednesbury and educated at st paul s school and trinity hall cambridge he was admitted into the household of dr gardiner bishop of winchester who sent him to study in paris afterwards he was sent to france to collect opinions respecting the divorce in 1532 he became clerk of the signet and in 1534 he went on a mission to the elector of saxony he was knighted in 1537 and received a grant of arms his family not having previously been entitled to bear coat armor in 1540 he was clerk to the privy council and was sent as ambassador to france to explain the death of catherine howard he became secretary of state in 1543 and a member of the council and in 1546 he negotiated the peace with france a witness of henry s will sir william paget was supposed to know the departed tyrant s wishes especially as regards the promotions in the peerage and this gave him considerable influence at first paget is mainly responsible for the protectorate and he identified himself with the interests of hertford he was among the most insatiable robbers of state property but otherwise an able diplomatist moderate and humane sir william herbert was perhaps after dudley the ablest man in the council he was an illegitimate son of william herbert the last earl of pembroke of that name he married a sister of queen catherine parr and had been in a position to receive grants of church property including wilton thus amassing great wealth he was an able soldier an unscrupulous intriguer and a great robber of public property as esquire of the body to henry he was a witness to the will denny the other witness of the will was gentleman of the privy chamber to henry but he did not long survive his master john russell was at first a gentleman of the chamber and afterwards a very busy diplomatist he was at tournay with henry and was sent to negotiate at rome and with charles v being present at the battle of pavia he was appointed controller of the household in 1538 and lord privy seal in 1543 he obtained grants of tavistock and much other church property and by right of his wife anne daughter of sir guy sapcote he got chenies in buckinghamshire russell was an able diplomatist a very astute time server ruthless and cruel when such conduct served his ends and as great a robber as the others lord parr of kendal was the brother of catherine parr he was called earl of essex by right of his wife the heiress of the bourchiers earls of essex whom he was trying to divorce he was a selfish unprincipled man of no ability who always followed a leader first thomas seymour then dudley paulet lord st john of basing was a greater time server than russell and contrived to hold office through four reigns his wretched motto was ortus sum ex salice non ex quercu 12 the earl of arundel was the only member of the old nobility on the council but he was a politician with no principles and no intelligible aims he seemed to intrigue without any definite object and was quite useless as a statesman as a time server he was a rival to russell or paulet the chancellor was thomas wriothesley grandson of john wrythe the garter king of arms to richard iii and son of the york herald he had been a diplomatist and secretary of state and in 1544 was created lord wriothesley of titchfield he was knight of the garter and lord chancellor he had been gorged with church property in hampshire including titchfield abbey and was a man after henry s own heart cruel unscrupulous and subservient although himself a papist he induced mary to sign a recantation declaring the pope a usurper and herself a bastard he tortured anne askew with his own hands who always followed a leader first thomas seymour then dudley paulet lord st john of basing was a greater time server than russell and contrived to hold office through four reigns his wretched motto was ortus sum ex salice non ex quercu 13 the earl of arundel was the only member of the old nobility on the council but he was a politician with no principles and no intelligible aims he seemed to intrigue without any definite object and was quite useless as a statesman as a time server he was a rival to russell or paulet the chancellor was thomas wriothesley grandson of john wrythe the garter king of arms to richard iii and son of the york herald he had been a diplomatist and secretary of state and in 1544 was created lord wriothesley of titchfield he was knight of the garter and lord chancellor he had been gorged with church property in hampshire including titchfield abbey and was a man after henry s own heart cruel unscrupulous and subservient although himself a papist he induced mary to sign a recantation declaring the pope a usurper and herself a bastard he tortured anne askew with his own hands after the lieutenant of the tower had refused in disgust to take part in the business richard rich was such a man as wriothesley nothing worse can be said the founder of his family was a london tradesman of the same name he was married to the daughter of a grocer named jenks rich was solicitor general he inveigled sir thomas more into a private conversation and then produced what he had said as evidence against him at his trial he helped wriothesley to torture anne askew richard southwell was another such base treacherous wretch his grandfather was sir richard southwell of barham hall in suffolk his father sir francis was auditor of the exchequer richard succeeded to great wealth and was brought up with the earl of surrey in 1631 he got a pardon for being concerned in a murder being fined wool he was active in the proceedings against monasteries under cromwell and in 1538 he became receiver to the court of augmentations he was knighted in 1542 and became a base tool of henry viii in that capacity he came forward as a false witness against his friend the earl of surrey to whom he owed much he shared in the plunder of the howards sir anthony wingfield of a good suffolk family had held offices in henry s household yet comparatively speaking he was an honest man the same may be said of sir thomas cheyney treasurer of the household and of sir john gage the controller sir anthony browne master of the horse was descended from a knight of the same names who was created k b at the coronation of richard ii he married alice daughter of sir john gage and died in 1548 leaving a son with the same names as owner of his fine house at cowdray in hampshire sir anthony was a papist but he supported hertford in his measures to obtain the protectorate sir ralph sadleir was born in 1507 and owed his rise to cromwell into whose household he was received he was also a gentleman of the privy chamber and employed on missions to scotland which he conducted with sound judgment and ability in 1542 he was knighted and became secretary of state sir ralph was a trustworthy politician a good writer and a valiant soldier quite an exception among the officials employed by henry viii edmund peckham had been admitted when quite young as a clerk in the king s counting house and in 1524 was appointed cofferer of the household in 1526 clerk of the green cloth in 1542 he was knighted and in 1546 became master of the mint with a house in blackfriars he also had a house and estate at denham in buckinghamshire peckham was a strong papist but comparatively an honest official the church was represented on the council by the archbishop of canterbury and the bishop of durham cranmer with all his faults was a very lovable character he was weak and vacillating and unduly subservient or he never could have worked so long with henry he acquiesced in the cruel acts of persecution and even sent men to the stake for their beliefs with his own still unformed he seldom ventured to remonstrate and when he did as in the case of cromwell his intervention was feeble and deferential now his work was before him he was about to undertake and complete labors of such value to posterity that they have rendered the reign of edward vi illustrious for all time dr tunstall bishop of durham was a good and kind hearted man an experienced diplomatist and though a concealed papist he took part in editing the english translation of the bible montagu the chief justice and bromley representing the legal profession were neutral sir edward north of the court of augmentations and sir john baker the chancellor of the exchequer seem to have worked diligently in their departments baker was also speaker of the house of commons sir e wotton treasurer of calais and dr wotton dean of canterbury were diplomatists the secretary of state was sir william petre who by always taking the winning side kept in favor through four reigns son of john petre of turbigan in devonshire petre was born at exeter and educated at exeter college oxford he became a doctor of law and was employed by cromwell on the commission for the visitation of monasteries as a reward he got a slice of the plunder and in 1544 was made secretary of state when catherine parr was regent he was one of her council in 1546 petre had special licence to retain twenty men besides menial servants and to give them liveries and cognizances he obtained ingatestone in essex and a dozen other manors his first wife was gertrude daughter of sir john tyrrel of worley his second anne daughter of sir w browne lord mayor petre was a diligent and valuable public servant the other secretary was sir thomas smith but he was not yet on the council born at saffron walden in 1512 thomas smith was of queens college cambridge and became a fellow in 1531 he worked with cheke at greek pronunciation and in 1539 travelled in france and italy in 1542 he became professor of civil law and was tutor to edward earl of oxford in 1547 he entered hertford s household and eventually became steward of the stannaries provost of eton dean of carlisle and secretary of state sir thomas smith was a learned and very able statesman and one of the few thoroughly honorable and fearless public men that the age produced he married philippa daughter of sir john hamden whose jointure was hill hall where he lived these were the councillors who were destined by henry for the government of england during the minority almost all were plunderers of p...
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